Childrens Ailments In South India Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionSuffering from minor grievances is the most continuous scene in youth encounters. Fever is one of the primary infirmities each piece numerous as one tierce of every single pediatric crowd as a rule practice.1 A review showed that guardians despite everything have an occupation to mind the febrility in kids. A few guardians accept that febrility is one of the infections which may occur among their children, rather than to be an imprint or manifestation of illness.2 In numerous states, the antipyretic clinical strength and other over the counter ( OTC ) clinical claims to fame are typically utilized among guardians to deal with their children.3 Using ( OTC ) clinical forte among guardians might be influenced by their mentalities towards unwellnesss. Nonetheless, it is meriting adverting that some old surveies show that guardians ‘ discernment about febrility is as yet incorrect. Most guardians are befuddled about which clinical claim to fame ought to be given to their children to pull off the stinging and febrility related with minor ailments.4 The regular objections of children including concern, febrility, grippe, loose bowels and sore pharynx can be treated at place. Some minor objections can be mitigated with ( OTC ) medications, for example, Paracetamol or other conventional redresss, without looking for crowd from general practicians or infant specialists. At the point when a child falls debilitated, the guardians ‘ concerns are much of the time affected by their perception of the grumblings. Guardians may secure guidance from the media, through family unit convention, from companions and by means of different beginnings which influence their heading of the grumblings. The develop of self-administration in human services incorporates malady bar, selfdiagnosis, self-treatment and fitting crowd with wellbeing consideration practicians. Inside the setting of children ‘s grumblings, the assurance shaper will typically be the child ‘s consideration taker.5 A consideration taker must be the parent or prote ctor of the child. As a rule, guardians with higher level of clinical comprehension are relied upon to hold a superior heading of children ‘s grievances. This study planned to uplift the guardians ‘ insight about their children ‘s unwellnesss and better their bearing of taking care of their children from minor protests, in add-on to ask that health consideration experts should pass on with guardians and do non venture aside the last ‘s convictions about children ‘s complaints.MethodThe review configuration was cross-sectional study. Information gathered on a gathering of points at one clasp rather than over a time of clasp. Guardians were enrolled to mensurate their clinical cognizance and heading degree to deal with their children ‘s objections. This overview was led to put guardians ‘ clinical comprehension on minor protests refering their children. The imprint populace of the overview was the ‘parents ‘ bunch paying little hee d to age gatherings, ethnics, businesss, and cultural position. The whole example size of this investigation was 250 guardians. Non-likelihood helpful difficult technique was utilized. Guardians were enlisted from the masses to answer our polls. Fitting to the consideration norms, the guardians who had the option to peruse and form were incorporated. Besides, guardians who had kid under 12 mature ages old and consented to partake in this examination were incorporated. The poll was intended to quantify the guardians ‘ insight about OTC clinical claims to fame which are regularly used to deal with the minor grumblings. In add-on, to inquire about how the guardians are regularly deal with the minor grumblings. Most requests originated from the old surveies identified with guardians ‘ self-medicine and guardians ‘ discernment about clinical claims to fame. The face and substance cogency were performed with health consideration experts before convey oning the examination. SELF-directed poll was utilized to move up the data from the guardians. Composed educated assent signifier was acquired from the guardians who were consented to participate in the investigation. Guardians were required to answer and finish the survey on the topographic point. The survey was intended to stay of 3 sections. Section 1 was the segment data of the guardians, and Part 2 for look intoing the level of clinical cognizance of guardians about OTC drugs, while P art 3 was on the guardians ‘ methods of dealing with their children ‘s unwellnesss. Information investigation had been finished by the help of measurable bundle, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) Version 15.0. Frequencies of segment data of respondents were arranged. So as to mensurate the level of clinical comprehension of guardians and the bearing of children objections, the sign of every respondent for partition 2 and segment 3 of the poll was tallied and dissected. To figure the whole Markss of various respondents, we utilized the stamping technique for various answers and actions.ConsequenceOut of the 250 conveyed polls, 240 ( 96 % ) surveys were effectively gathered. Table No. 1 presents the segment data of 240 members. Who had filled in the polls to occur if this factor may follow up on the guardians ‘ discernment about clinical strengths and this factor can be used as proof based data in the great beyond. There were 104 male and 136 female respondents take separating in the examination. The majority of our respondents were 31-40 mature ages old and 41-50 mature ages old. Table No. 2 indicated the general cognizance among guardians sing the OTC clinical claims to fame. The greater part of guardians were n't acquainted with the name of clinical claims to fame especially in examples of the runs and hack henceforth, the guardians who might cognize and recognize the clinical strengths for these occasions were ticked â€Å" yes † and for those guardians who might n't cognize and recognize the clinical fortes were ticked â€Å" no † . The greater part of the guardians were thinking bounty about the sorts of clinical claim to fame that ought to be given to their children during febrility, when they have cold and when they experience the ill effects of hack. To include, 194 guardians know the clinical forte for worry for their children yet 46 guardians do non hold that perception. It is other than a recently discovered certainty that the clinical claim to fame for loose bowels is simply known by 41.6 % of guardians, the most minimal per centum a ccumulated in the rundown. Guardians ‘ convictions about the signifier of clinical claim to fame that works better for their children. Table No. 3 indicated the Parents ‘ insight about over the counter clinical claims to fame clinical strengths to their children. Additionally, the period of guardians, all requests was about clinical claims to fame as a rule which are ordinarily used to deal with the minor objections at place. There was a major for each centum of respondents who hold the standard that clinical claim to fame is of import for their children. In add-on, 31 % of guardians believe that clinical claim to fame can non make injury for their children. The more seasoned guardians and those with higher guidance degree and high month to month salary were all the more knowing. Sing the symptoms of clinical strengths, only 40.8 % guardians think about the reactions of their children ‘s clinical claims to fame. Table No. 4 shows that 59.2 % of respondents concurred that the financial position may affect the assurance of looking for clinical guide for their children. Besides, guardians with the high guidance degree and the month to month pay demonstrated measurably significant ( p=0.004 ) and ( p=0.001 ) . In add-on, 106 of respondents consented to give addendums, for example, multi nutrient to their children. Table No. 5 nowadayss that the greater part of respondents were with moderate insight degree and moderate bearing degree. There was significant relationship between the comprehension degrees what's more the degrees of directionDiscussionThis overview has featured the guardians ‘ clinical perception on unwellnesss of their children each piece great as their strategies for pull offing their children ‘s grievances. A quantitative assault was accustomed to deliver measurably delegate outcomes. In our review, appeared there was no contrast between the sexual orientation and thei r cognizance about clinical fortes. The majority of the respondents concur that clinical forte is of import for their children. They know which clinical claims to fame ought to be given to their children when they are holding febrility, hack, grippe or concern. This is likely because of the way that these are genuinely the sorts of grievances which guardians as often as possible experience. For the runs, be that as it may, simply 41.6 % of guardians are aware of its clinical claim to fame. This is on the grounds that looseness of the bowels is non regular among kids as the guardians might be given to be too much delicate of their children ‘s hygiene6. The greater part of the guardians accept that infusion and sirup work better for kids. This is on the grounds that clinical fortes in the infusion signifier works quicker than others as it straight embeds clinical claim to fame into the circulatory system. For clinical claim to fame in syrup signifier, it works better for kids as a result of guardians thought that sirup can be simple gulped by children7, and this naturally sheds noticeable radiation on the way that clinical strength in Tablets or cases is more earnestly to swallow.8,9 Albeit the vast majority of the guardians believe that clinical claim to fame can be destructive, non every one of them were perceptive of conceivable symptoms of their children ‘s clinical strength. This is on the grounds that guardians will in general defy inconveniences in getting data about clinical claim to fame taken by their children. Guardians other than alluded they utilized clinical strengths data cusps as a start of information.10 There was a powerful urge to partition obligation for evaluation of their evil child with an expert, however guardians are every now and again disturbed or will in general experience blameworthy that they may be inconvenience oneselfing the doctor pointlessly. Guardians pick non recommended clinical claims to fame or ( OTC ) clinical strength to deal with their children. This is likely in light of the fact that they can only give ( OTC ) on account of guardians thought that sirup can

Evaluation and Recommendations for Further Work Essay

Assessment and Recommendations for Further Work - Essay Example The sources utilized in the paper were for the most part of the well known academic sort. The paper could have had a superior intrigue if the sources were substantiated by different sources that are of the unadulterated academic nature. The assets likewise must be made in such a way, that they were applicable to the subject of business the board. The paper sources were commonly worthy and they furnished the crowd with the adequate measure of data. A definitive trial of the capacity of an individual to write in the upper school level is estimated by his ability in coordinating the nature of the assets with the amount. For this situation, the paper was equipped for achieving this limit. Be that as it may, assets could have been all the more including and locks in. The level of the assets in drawing in the peruser makes the paper coordinate the solid cases made by the proposal (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The nature of the paper was additionally sufficient in satisfying the need or the desires for the intended interest group and the topical requests. The other purpose of assessment appropriate in the examination of the venture is the limit of the paper to utilize the sources that are present and pertinent to the subject of business the executives. The most significant article is the diary articles. Articles are better as sources contrasted with books since they have a limited and profound extension (Cooper, Schindler and others, 2003). The utilization of the books in the library to make up the report is a significant failure since the suggested content in the books may not be extremely pragmatic. The paper was not equipped for utilizing the assets that have the measure of money requested. Sources utilized in the paper came up short on the cash and degree confinements since they were essentially made out of books (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007). The majority of the data in the books could have been diminished had the exploration paper obtained a great deal from the articles (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007).

Essay on Soy DRI Essays

Exposition on Soy DRI Essays Exposition on Soy DRI Essay Exposition on Soy DRI Essay Soy DRI Behavioral Simulation The Soy-DRI conduct recreation was structured with the objective of improving understudy abilities, certainty, practice, and adequacy concerning moral dynamic. The reproduction focuses on an item abuse claim and the pending communicate of an insightful report looking at the case. To confuse the circumstance, the CEO is away and has given choice power to a gathering of five to seven workers. In particular, Soy-DRI includes a firm that fabricates three items, all soybean subsidiaries, and markets them to three unmistakable objective markets. The students’ suggestions and conversation ought to include issues identified with assessing bundling, marking, evaluating, item shading, and consistency issues in the short-to mid-term, just as whether an item review ought to be actualized. Progressively mid-to long-run issues ought to include the way wherein data is given from merchants and retailers back to the producer. Furthermore, the need to actualize an exhaustive morals and consiste nce program for all Soy-DRI workers and clients ought to be assessed. New hazard zones have developed with this ongoing issue, and they should be tended to with all workers. Two previous representatives of an enormous substance producer established Soy-DRI (Soybean Derivative Research Initiatives) in 1985. One of the company’s product offerings comprises of three soy-based powders with added substances to upgrade their dampness retaining properties. The items are utilized to retain and take out overabundance dampness in an assortment of purchaser and authoritative settings. In their powdered structure, Soy-DRI items can assimilate as much as multiple times their weight in dampness. The items are earth inviting, a basic estimation of Soy-DRI. The organization has been recognized for achievements in the zone of ecological affectability. At first, Soy-DRI focused on the modern market with the Slab-Dri brand. Chunk Dri is showcased principally to business foundations to wipe out dampness and oil from cleared surfaces. The item absorbs spills and would then be able to be cleared dry. The item is white to improve its perceivability and simplicity of evacuation. Piece Dri is dispersed in 64-ounce tin holders with customizable covers for application. The retail cost of Slab-Dri is $2 per 64-ounce holder, with an item cost of $l.50. The item is accessible to modern purchasers through indexes and, all the more as of late, through AutoZone, Discount Auto Parts, and other buyer car outlets. Chunk Dri has produced the company’s second most elevated deals levels. In 1990, Soy-DRI extended its product offering with two new items focused at particularly unique end clients. The first of these new items is Pet-Dri, which is utilized in pet litter boxes to encourage dampness and smell retention. Pet-Dri has a similar plan as Slab-Dri, however the item is beige so it mixes with other pet litter items. The item is accessible in a 32-ounce plastic compartment with a movable cover for application. Pet-Dri is circulated through significant rebate stores, for example, Wal-Mart, Target, Kmart, and general stores. The recommended retail cost is $4 per 32-ounce holder, with an item cost of $1.25. Pet-Dri has become Soy-DRI’s top of the line item. The last subordinate item is Baby-Dri, which is utilized instead of customary child power. As a moderately new expansion to Soy-DRI’s product offering, Baby-Dri has the least deals. Since trial of Soy-DRI’s initial two items demonstrated that their high dampness assimilation properties cause rashes and aggravate babies’ skin with delayed use, Baby-Dri’s dampness engrossing properties were altered to cause it to ingest multiple times its weight in dampness. Child Dri is additionally cleansed to meet government guidelines for consumers’ individual use. The item is white in shading, equivalent to Slab-Dri. C hild Dri is sold in 8-ounce plastic compartments at a recommended retail cost of $4, with an item cost of $2. Child Dri is dispersed through significant markdown chains, for example, Target, Wal-Mart, Kmart, Toys R’ Us, markets, and infant gracefully stores all through the nation.

Lester Young Essay Example

Lester Young Paper What's more I will portray examinations with some different performers of his time including Coleman Hawkins while utilizing investigation of his performances. To additionally investigate the turn of events and development of Young style I will examine his strategy. Segment Research and Analysis Lester Young is one of the most celebrated and powerful saxophonist and his music assume a significant job in the field of Jazz music. He has brought a solid individual performance. A cool innovation and another cadenced adaptability to conventional Jazz. Youthful was conceived in Woodpile Mississippi on August 27, 1909, and experienced childhood in a melodic family. He figured out how to play the violin, trumpet, drums just as the saxophone from his dad. Wakefield. 2012) Young has been a critical desolate. He left his old neighborhood and went to a band, since he needed to get more information on Jazz music in the north. No one needed to be with him, since his music style was separated from the gathering. Whats more, he got a phenomenal feeling of style. Youthful extraordinary style influenced many saxophone players. I accept that his character and style of dress was likewise part of his legend life. From that point forward, he searches for comfort from medications and beverages. Because of the unpleasant experience of military assistance life, his Inside, profound had been severely impacted. Thus, he has a genuine illness and passed on March 15, 1959. Area Influence and his heritage On Lester Young instrument he was one of the most persuasive players around then, his style had a lot of distinction from different performers. At the point when he plays saxophone, he was consistently focus on his music world, since his plays were self-gathered. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lester Young explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Lester Young explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Lester Young explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As over, his style was known as the Cool Jazz. In spite of the fact that his music style didn't be valued, he never surrenders and still demands his music style. I think behind numerous fruitful men, there are a ton of ineffective years. I was pulled in by his USIA when I tune in to his melody. His l Want to Happy and Peg O My Heart drives me Into a dining experience of music and furthermore makes me review some misery and joy things. We can't overlook is that he promoted a sort of saxophone style; it was called Swing. We can find out about his own style from his performance. Youthful execution Ana Nils trench raged Nils Tans. In Tact, Nils individual Innocence was violating his presentation. With everything taken into account, Young performance style has affected numerous tenor saxophonists. For example, Stan Get and Dexter Gordon; they are the most popular and fruitful performers around the globe. In any case, he additionally affected numerous individuals in cool Jazz styles, similar to Soot Sims, AY Cohn and Gerry Mulligan. Around then, everyone's eyes were on Lester Young as he played saxophone. He had a smooth tone and repressed performances; he utilized a timed beat with a solid main thrust. He played defer a normal note by a portion. Notwithstanding, a few people thought he was not sure and they wanted that more firecrackers. (Occupation 5118,1939) Lester Young is the monster of Jazz. I think Young music is delicate and striking, I never tune in to Jazz music like that, his performance consistently gave me a major shock since his USIA style was never out-design. Numerous individuals thought about that Lester Young was the best tenor sax player from previous till now. Actually,Len the mid sasss to mid sasss, he changed the best approach to play tenor saxophone and the specialty of Jazz itself. Lester Young dependent on George and Air Gershwins l Got Rhythm composed Lester Leaps In. Like the groups other head courses of action, it highlights extemporized performances worked around a focal riff, however where we may hope for something else of the groups common out of control situation virtuosity, this record is an examination in moderation. (Business 5118, 1939) His tone is fine ND sounds very sweet, toward the finish of his melodies are in every case moderate and brimming with perceptual explanation, however in his initial music vocation, his tenor saxophone was reprimanded for being excessively powerless, yet time demonstrates that he can possess a significant situation in music. Lester Young, who affected cool Jazz more than other artist, His saxophone playing utilized delicate and light solid, as opposed to the clangorous explosion approach of players like Coleman Hawkins. Youthful was shrewd in its utilized of mood, rather than driving it. At the point when he began his performances, he needed to underscore cap melodic turn of events, as opposed to hot expressions or mood change. (http://en. Wisped. Organization/wick/Cool_Jazz). Youthful music is the blend of amazing, irate, courageous, and excellent and some free-considering convention Jazz, which exhibits a banquet of music and shows the genuinely human inclination. He was absolutely a profound guide. He was the unparalleled Lester Young?indisputably one of the most compelling figures in post-swing Jazz and the viable maker of the Chicago tenor sound. Coming clean, he extended the language of music and leaves a permanent individual inheritance for conventional Jazz. Youthful even impacted the way Jazz specialists talk. Notwithstanding his great music, youthful most persevering through the inheritance has been his paramount persona. Despite the fact that it was not his aim, Young turned into an early model for the present day (2003 thirteenth studios, Chicago) In his short music life, Young has left a rich melodic legacy. Segment His independent Young had developed and his music style changed when he left the military. A few people imagined that military transformed him and lose his specialty. Be that as it may, he was by and by played with the style, and everybody changed their assessment. The topic of Lester Leaps In depends on Rhythm-change, vamps in the A-segments and have an ad libbed connect over a hover of fifths. Youthful pretty much dismisses the harmony changes in the A-segments and plays around the Ebb-harmony. This translation contains Young initial two performance melodies, precluding his later pursue with Basis. All solid will communicate principle Telling In Deterrent manners, Is not an issue AT won Is ten best. At the point when I tuned in to his tune dismal eyes, I began to consider what the story was behind it. Tune sounded at that time, around the time and the air appears to be set general. Perhaps youthful need to get a brilliant life, the statement of human progress and look for harmony and satisfaction. Truth be told, he had additionally some glad recollections of his youth. At the point when he played The man I love . The man was his dad at the forefront of his thoughts, and it generally brought back his upbeat recollections. Be that as it may, as the music goes on, his performance can rolls out entangled improvements in low tone with enormous degree, it was unique in relation to the song . With the quick paced rule changed, his passionate changed also. He needed to tell audience members his agonizing life, Like the war, neediness and racial shamefulness. In later works, Young performances more troubled and smarter than previously. From that point forward, Young performances more troubled and savvier than previously. From that point onward, he was both a drunkard and dependent on cocaine.. During that time, he completely overlooked himself and lost confidence. The motivation behind why he sat around idly and mishandled drugs, as a result of his military profession. I accept that life isn't reasonable, jump on it. That opposing idea was difficult to communicate his feeling, he constantly held high his saxophone when he played performances. These way have the effect from others. Area Comparison I would draw a few correlations between Lester Young and different performers. Examinations with certain artists like Hawkins and Ben Webster. Youthful music can legitimately move our inward world. Rather Hawkins style that was sharp and loaded with desire and he was the most unequivocally connected with the swing music g band time, he had assumed significant job in the advancement of bebop in the backtalk. Hawkins consistently had a sharp ear for new ability and styles (Wakefield Foundation, 28 September 2012). He additionally had an incredible commitment on the period from the custom Jazz to the Swing Era. Furthermore, the three incredible performers are viewed as the huge three of swing tenors. Hawkins was a talking, strolling Jazz composition?a living activity in masterful spontaneous creation. Lester Young idea Coleman Hawkins was the President first, he was the subsequent one. Miles Davis once likewise stated: When I heard Hawk, I figured out how to play anthems. To that degree, Hawkins is likewise an amazing individual at music. Yet, there is some unique style among Hawkins and Young, Hawkins played around consonant ways while Young played whirlwinds of notes and had an immense tone that the other tenor players of the day copied. As we as a whole know, Lester Young was likewise called Prep, cause Billie Holiday felt that Americas most prominent individuals, ought to be President Roosevelt, and in Jazz music, Young merits the name Prep from the President is additionally an appropriate. What's more, there are something in like manner among Hawkins and Young, they all wore a similar uniform with distinction on their neckline and top in front of an audience, that has been a piece of Jazz custom and the western blues from that point onward. Youthful achievements and playing abilities characterized an age and changed the Jazz field. Hawkins was hot, Young played was cool. Furthermore, Young consistently thought of a totally extraordinary origination in his play. His play was straightforward and loose, not with the sentiment of shaking Jazz yet a significant musical tune.

Im A Famous Rockstar

I’m A Famous Rockstar That title is misleading Im famous, and Im a rockstar, but Im not famous for being a rockstar. :-) First, the rockstar bit. We had our CD Release show last week @ Harpers Ferry, which we somehow managed to fill with people. It was AWESOME. A great way to start my mini-vacation (which is where Ive been hiding). So Ive got CDs now; stop by 3-107 if you want to grab one. You guys had me laughing out loud with your comments in the previous entry so hysterical and creative. Reading that thread helped me get over the end-of-vacation blues many thanks. For the record, we were indeed in a viewbook planning session Saad you were right with your first post always trust your first instinct! ;-) Ill post another pic soon for you guys to try to figure out, that was fun. Now the famous part. Last Saturday, the Boston Globe published an op-ed of mine (text here) and I instantly began to receive a ton of email, both good and bad. The good email came from folks who understood that the piece was wholly tongue-in-cheek. The bad email came from angry environmentalists who took the piece a bit too seriously which is ironic since environmental studies was one of my two majors in college. I probably know more about sustainability issues than the people who were writing to berate me. Ive considered myself an environmentalist for over a decade, and if theres one thing Ive learned, its that people generally have no respect for those who preach about the environment in an elitist or antagonistic manner. I returned each email and assured the authors that we were on the same side, but suggested that they might dare to have a sense of humor or whatever it takes to find common ground with the folks with which they wish to connect. Not one of them wrote back. I suppose I should not be surprised. On a related note, Ive been meeting with the environmental studies folks here at MIT to try to give them some increased exposure within the application process. Wow, what a fantastic program. Look for further info in future entries as I learn more, but for now Ill just say that anyone who is interested in sustainability and/or energy issues should *really* consider LFEE at MIT. Its awesome. Hope you guys are having a great summer! -B

Imagery in Enuma Elish Essay - 550 Words

Imagery in Enuma Elish (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateImagery in Enuma ElishIntroductionEnuma Elish is a poem which dates back to the second millennium with its being rich in literature. It is an epic piece of writing set in Babylon telling the story of the universe and how it came to exist with the suffering and struggles of the gods during such dramatic times of violence . First and foremost , the creation aspect as portrayed in the poem with regard to the first and second creation accounts where God simply spoke words and the creation took place in an abstract manner (King 76). This leaves a lot to be desired for in away an abstract picture of surprise is created in the readers mind and the comprehension of the same is possible when the reader sets a mind in the spirit world where things happen miraculously. Then in reference to the second account ,it is vividly seen that God sat down and actually used his hands to mould Adam and out of him , He then made Eve. God at this moment comes out i n a capacity of a craftsman. This creates a picture of a supernatural being expected to be spiritual but does things that only physical humans can do (King 102).The initial myth of creation shown in the story, Tiamat and Apu put together waters and this comes finally at the emergence of Ea. Consequently, Ea is escalated and elevated above many gods and this marks the end of the very initial part of the epic and rise of the bombardment and conflicts between the gods. This as portrayed creates a picture of gods who act like humans and pick up quarrels as well (King 110). It is actually believed that there are things that could not exist in heaven. The gods here are a representation of all that happen in the cosmos. Mixing the two waters makes the whole mixture become salty and this explains very much the supremacy battle between Tiamat and Apu. The former is deemed more powerful because her water seems to carry bout the day by being drinkable as well. Such conflicts create a pictu re of the normal wars experienced in the human population.That may not suffice the symbolism usage if mankind being a servant of the gods is not anything to go by. Madruk has to take up the creation work at the death of Tiamat. When the latter passes on, Madruk takes her corpse and comes creates the world out of it. This portrays him as a better creator that Tiamat. It is then realized that godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s man creates mankind who w...

The Difference Between Extrapolation and Interpolation

Extrapolation and interpolation are both used to estimate hypothetical values for a variable based on other observations. There are a variety of interpolation and extrapolation methods based on the overall trend that is observed in the data. These two methods have names that are very similar.  We will examine the differences between them. Prefixes To tell the difference between extrapolation and interpolation, we need to look at the prefixes â€Å"extra† and â€Å"inter.† The prefix â€Å"extra† means â€Å"outside† or â€Å"in addition to.† The prefix â€Å"inter† means â€Å"in between† or â€Å"among.† Just knowing these meanings (from their originals in Latin) goes a long way to distinguish between the two methods. The Setting For both methods, we assume a few things. We have identified an independent variable and a dependent variable. Through sampling or a collection of data, we have a number of pairings of these variables. We also assume that we have formulated a model for our data. This may be a least squares line of best fit, or it could be some other type of curve that approximates our data. In any case, we have a function that relates the independent variable to the dependent variable. The goal is not just the model for its own sake, we typically want to use our model for prediction. More specifically, given an independent variable, what will the predicted value of the corresponding dependent variable be? The value that we enter for our independent variable will determine whether we are working with extrapolation or interpolation. Interpolation We could use our function to predict the value of the dependent variable for an independent variable that is in the midst of our data. In this case, we are performing interpolation. Suppose that data with x between 0 and 10 is used to produce a regression line y 2x 5. We can use this line of best fit to estimate the y value corresponding to x 6. Simply plug this value into our equation and we see that y 2(6) 5 17. Because our x value is among the range of values used to make the line of best fit, this is an example of interpolation. Extrapolation We could use our function to predict the value of the dependent variable for an independent variable that is outside the range of our data. In this case, we are performing extrapolation. Suppose as before that data with x between 0 and 10 is used to produce a regression line y 2x 5. We can use this line of best fit to estimate the y value corresponding to x 20. Simply plug this value into our equation and we see that y 2(20) 5 45. Because our x value is not among the range of values used to make the line of best fit, this is an example of extrapolation. Caution Of the two methods, interpolation is preferred. This is because we have a greater likelihood of obtaining a valid estimate. When we use extrapolation, we are making the assumption that our observed trend continues for values of x outside the range we used to form our model. This may not be the case, and so we must be very careful when using extrapolation techniques.

Definition and Examples of Functionalism in Grammar

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay - 706 Words

Summary: Hamlet is upset with his mother’s hasty marriage to his King Uncle Father, Claudius following his father’s death. He suspects foul play which is later confirmed by the ghost of his father. Now, Hamlet is set on avenging the death of his father as a favor to him. At the same time, he must figure out who is more at fault, his mother or uncle-father. This completely messes with Hamlet’s mind and he is confused entirely on his situation. His reaction to her marriage in the first place sent him into deep depression, but now, there might of been an alterior motive to the whole thing. Also, there is a certain amount of hatred/jealousy towards Claudius projected from Hamlet. It all pertains to the subject of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex†. Was†¦show more content†¦This is when he suddenly feels a sense of passion for her. 2. Explaination of Gertrude’s Character: â€Å"Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, is one of the most crucial characters in the play because she is the focus of the love and/or anger of the trio of men who have been or are in contention for Denmark’s throne--Hamlet’s father, Claudius, and Hamlet himself.† â€Å"In [Shakespeare’s] timeless version, Gertrude is less aware of any wrongdoing. She is more of an innocent sex object manipulated by her husband and son and frustrated by her desire to love and please both of them.† The Ghost’s Obsession with Gertrude: â€Å"Before he disappears, he returns to the topic of Gertrude’s sexual misdeed, but again admonishes Hamlet to â€Å"leave her to heaven†. The ghost’s second appearance to Hamlet is prompted by the need for further defense of Gertrude. Hamlet’s resolution when he is preparing to visit his mother’s bedchamber...seems to be failing. His frezied attack on Gertrude gains verbal force and violence until the ghost intervenes. Hamlet shares the ghost’s obsession with Gertrude’s sexuality, but is dissipating the energy that should be directed toward avenging his father’s murder in attacking Gertrude...The ghost intervene to ...command Hamlet to protectShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudiuss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. 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Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet and

Analysis Of The Movie What s Eating Gilbert Grape

Analysis Paper of the Film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape Sharon K. Chapman Tarleton State University Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. Note that all of the styles for this template are available on the Home tab of the ribbon, in the Styles gallery.] Keywords: [Click here to add keywords.] Analysis Paper of the Film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape The Grapes are a poor, Midwestern family living in an isolated part of their community. The father of the Grape family successfully completed suicide by hanging in the families’ basement. The mother is a shut-in who is morbidly obese, and is unable to care for herself, or her family. There are three brothers and two sisters, the oldest brother Larry â€Å"escaped† and is not living in the home. The youngest brother Arnie is intellectually challenged and requires constant supervision. Gilbert is the second oldest brother, and has become the father figure of the family. The oldest sister Amy acts as the surrogate mother. The youngest sibling in the family is Ellen, she is a typical egocentric teenager. Ellen has learned what buttons to push to set off explosions in the family. The stress that is occurring in the family is causingShow MoreRelatedPsychology Based Movie Review : What s Eating Gilbert Grape1646 Words   |  7 PagesBased Movie Review of What’s Eating Gilbert Grape What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a motion picture drama that follows the life of the Grape family in the small, lackluster town of Endora (Hallstrom, 1993). Gilbert Grape, played by a young Johnny Depp, is the film’s predominant character and apparent man of the family after his father’s death. Throughout the movie, Gilbert narrates his thoughts as he attempts to navigate his familial responsibilities, his work, and his personal life. Gilbert strugglesRead MoreWhats Eating Gilbert Grape- Review and Critique2227 Words   |  9 PagesWhat’s Eating Gilbert Grape. Film review and critique. Society’s ideological constructs and attitudes towards minority groups are created and reinforced through media imagery. Although negative associations that maintain inequities with regard to race, gender and homophobia (Conner Bejoian, 2006) have been somewhat relieved, disability is still immersed in harmful connotations that restrict and inhibit the life of people with disabilities in our society. Disability has appeared frequently inRead MorePsychosocial Development Case Study Analysis1835 Words   |  8 Pages Psychosocial Development Case Study Analysis COUN5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Instructor: Dr. Rebekah Cole Abstract For this paper, I viewed the movie â€Å"What’s Eating Gilbert Grape†. I will identify the life stages the three characters I chose are in, what their psychological crisis each is, apply psychosocial theories to the situation presented, discuss the character’s life, how they functionRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Diversity of the world’s population Free Essays

string(176) " unwelcoming future since UK seems to embrace a tendency of anti-migrant sentiment and a move to community institution instead of multicultural provision \(Phillimore, 2011\)\." Introduction Diversity of the world’s population has reached a point where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients’ needs. Health care professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and sensitive skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity of the world’s population or any similar topic only for you Order Now To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be treated as a whole and with dignity (Dossey Guzzetta, 2005). One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its research enablers: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method. Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice. Nightingale’s theory has been chosen over others because she was the first to acknowledge nurses’ work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008). The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a). Holistic Nursing Practice encourages active communication and reciprocal understanding, underlines the exercise of physiological and psychosocial awareness, it is based on logical thinking and supports values such as autonomy and patient wishes and tendencies (MacKinnon, 2010). Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing may be defined as a method to contrast and observe how individuals view health care, biased by their culture background. The principles of practising transcultural nursing are to provide complete nursing care to individuals or groups by treating them with respect and taking into account their cultural factors. It is all about nursing practice applied to cultural values and limitations (Leininger, 1991). Definitions of transcultural nursing incorporate many factors that shape the individual’s cultural orientation. These include are age, sexual orientation and financial aspects. It has been suggested that by ignoring these culture background factors, health care professionals do not achieve enough cultural experience to be incorporated in holistic nursing practice (Barnes et al. 2000). This absence might lead to unsafe nursing care and both dissatisfied patients and professionals (Curren, 2006 cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp.159-160). To promote transcultural nursing care, Narayan (2001) felt that there are four crucial attitudes to assume – caring, empathy, openness and flexibility. This shows the patients a cultural understanding, appreciation, consideration and willingness from health care professionals that are based on individual care. Cultural education and the creation of culturally competent care professionals are one of the biggest challenges yet to tackle worldwide. For instance, in America, as the migrant population increases notably so it does the need for reducing inequalities and barriers such as language. Maier-Lorentz (2008) firmly understood that such a need could be met by the targeting of bilingual health care professionals coming from different backgrounds. Moreover, she suggested that in order to provide culturally competent nursing care, some knowledge of non-vocal communication signs could be of great value, as it is in eye contact, touch, silence, space and distance, and health care habits. Green-Hernandez (2004) recommended that as a step towards multicultural competency, professionals that need to deal with farmers should familiarize themselves with their specific customs such as using animal medication for their own conditions as a consequence of living far away from the care institutions. With the purpose of understanding culture, Andrews Boyle (1997) gave out diverse illustrations. For example, they suggested that by understanding a people’s proverbs, professionals may grasp knowledge of the cultural values shared by that population. The authors also stressed the importance of culture knowledge when coming across two different ways to view stealing. For one culture it may not be acceptable whereas for another one, e.g. gipsy people, it may be ok, as long as it is coming from a better-off person. Furthermore, they also found, through researchers, that different cultures may think that by being a demanding patient, the treatment they receive may improve. Riley (2004) reported that a foremost test for nurses in an ethnically different society is communication. Not just words but also tone and volume form spoken communication which in diverse cultures differs greatly. For example, Thai people are regarded as not talking too much as they believe it is a sign of idiocy whereas Cuban people are happy with talking vociferously. He also pointed out that Europeans are not afraid of talking about emotions whereas Asians are hesitant to do so. With regards to communication without words Riley (2004) explained that eye contact is not always expected. For instances, in Native America and Asian cultures it is offensive and among Muslim Arab women it is allowed only to their husbands. Therefore, he identified the importance for healthcare professionals to be culturally aware. Phillimore (2011) explored the challenge of provision of diversity needs in the UK based on studies done on health care service provision to new migrants, during 2007/08 in Birmingham. She stated that with political forces wanting to reduce welfare support for new migrants, such provision becomes quite a challenge. She also believed that, in the long run, this disregarding of health care needs will lead to further issues for the health care system that otherwise could be avoided by just providing what is needed now: cultural and language services and health support. It was also suggested that in today’s political climate offering of ethnically specific provision by the community and for the community, results in the local needs not being met, as the existing GP systems are already overstretched. She concluded that a number of migrants are condemned to an unwelcoming future since UK seems to embrace a tendency of anti-migrant sentiment and a move to community institution instead of multicultural provision (Phillimore, 2011). You read "Diversity of the world’s population" in category "Essay examples" The Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine Leininger In the 1950’s Madeleine Leininger, a nurse-anthropologist, realised that nursing practice was requiring a theory to allow people to transform nursing into a more advanced and beneficial discipline that challenges nurses to open up to cultural variety and universality (Leininger, 2006). This was developed as a response to the demand for multicultural care which was immense and yet incomplete as many healthcare systems did not consider the need for bringing together culture and nursing care (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). The culture care diversity and universality theory developed by Leininger in 1991 (Leininger, 2002a) is unique in that it focuses on competent care, can be used upon any culture and is based not only on individuals but groups and families too. The theory addresses the importance of a consistent cultural competence instrument to acquire cultural awareness through a constant learning attitude and approval towards human differences and rights by health care professionals (Burford, 2001, cited in Baxter, 2001, pp. 202-203). Leininger (2002a) insisted on the importance of transcultural knowledge as a tool to avoid human acts such as the event of September 11, 2001. She then proposed the culture care theory as the most holistic approach to gradually transform the health system. This much needed transformation requires understanding of individuals in ways that identify and respect their cultural background and will lead us to understand such transcultural dismay. The theory was used in a study among Hispanic home care patients in the US, 2007, in order to identify cultural needs. As a result, care delivery improved in some areas and there was a suggestion describing the use of the model as a tool to reduce costs in the health care system (Woerner et al. 2009). Leininger’s theory applies not only to races from different backgrounds but also to today’s controversial groups such as transgendered people, disabled people , the youth, poverty and the homeless that may pose a certain degree of difficulty of understanding to healthcare professionals. There is also an agreement that, thanks to Leininger’s culture care theory, the nursing profession today knows how to allow for culture when looking after individuals and has a widely spread caring philosophy in hospitals (Clarke et al. 2009). For this model to assist the health care professional to understand factors as important as management and policies, as well as being able to reflect on their decisions and actions, Leininger designed two tool assessments, The Sunrise Enabler and the Ethno Nursing research method, which are based on monitoring treatment care on a daily basis (Hubbert, 2006, cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp. 354-356). The sunrise enabler focuses mainly on total life ways and caring factors influencing health and well-being, disabilities and death. It also identifies features influenced by the patient’s cultural background whereas ethnonursing finds ways in which multicultural care could be better. In doing so, the reflected culture becomes part of the holistic nursing practice (Leininger, 2006). The Sunrise Enabler The Sunrise Enabler is used as an assessment tool to enable multidisciplinary teams to deliver suitable and competent cultural assessments that impede intolerance and stereotype behaviour. This is to supply the healthcare system with a guide to cultural vicinities ranging from religious beliefs to economic factors (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). Wherever a healthcare professional starts the model either from the top or from the bottom, the most important feature is to listen to the individuals, trying to grasp ideas and concepts rather than enforcing them (Leininger, 2002a). Healthcare professionals struggled to understand the meaning of factors influencing the care practice so crucial when applying the culture care theory. Such factors as culture beliefs, environment and religion were to be included in the nursing care, therefore Leininger (1997) built the Sunrise Enabler to illustrate such aspects. The Ethno-nursing Method This method was developed to fit the purposes of qualitative research methods. It is a systematic method for studying multiple cultures and care factors within a familiar environment of people and to focus on the interrelationships of care and culture to arrive at the goal of culturally congruent care. Ethnonursing is a particular research method developed by Leininger to inspect the theory. It was developed to allow health care professionals to discover new ways of helping different cultural groups distinguish features of nursing care (Leininger, 2006). Leininger (2006, p.6) stated that the ethnonursing method â€Å"†¦was new and unknown in nursing and was different from other qualitative methods including ethnography†. Holistic Nursing Practice The exercise of modern nursing is based on the view of holism that underlines the individual’s wholeness. Healing viewed as an indication of nursing practice that treats people as whole, developed in the late 20th and early 21st century into a popular subject in nursing in order to clarify the meaning of wholeness and holism. As a result, alternative therapies surfaced as approaches of practice in holistic nursing (Locsin, 2002). The definition of holistic came into effect in the 20th century. Then the word holism included the physical, emotional, mental, social, cultural, and spiritual view. This view of holism was envisioned by Florence Nightingale who is seen today as an example to follow, although many of her studies are not used in today’s nursing practice (Beck, 2010). â€Å"Holistic nursing care embraces the mind, body and spirit of the patient, in a culture that supports a therapeutic nurse/patient relationship, resulting in wholeness, harmony and healing. Holistic care is patient led and patient focused in order to provide individualised care, thereby, caring for the patient as a whole person rather than in fragmented parts† (McEvoy Duffy, 2008, Vol.8, p. 418). Furthermore, it addressed the expansion of multidisciplinary and collaborative teams as a way to applying holistic care into practice and asserted that the practice of holistic care by health professionals should avoid intrusion and, when really needed, as it is the case of unconscious patients, should use skills that include aspects such as consideration, disciplined criticism and liability in order to exercise nursing in a holistic approach (McEvoy Duffy, 2008). Since individuals from different culture backgrounds may appreciate holistic nursing practice and care choices in different ways so is the healthcare provided in different ways (Locsin, 2001). It may also be the case that some individuals may feel embarrassed to mention alternative remedies used in the past, therefore the assessment should be supportive rather than disapproving (Maddalena, 2009). Pearcey (2007) ran a study on clinical practices amongst student nurses to draw on a few key points related to holistic nursing practice. It was found that the notion of holistic care was not clear within nursing practice. Some students claimed not to know the right meaning of holistic nursing practice and also claimed that tasks and routines are what nursing is all about. The study showed an evident lack of professionalism and knowledge amongst care professionals as well as a huge gap between what is taught and what is really applied at work. The author concluded that there is a real risk of inconsistency within the profession. Within the practice of holistic care there has been lately a huge influence of alternative or complementary medicine which care experts have tried to professionalise by setting certain values to be met. A study amongst nurses and midwives accomplished in England, 2008, revealed this but also the lack of initiative from the NHS to incorporate such practices, even though it was demonstrated that a huge variety of them were successfully applied on patients where biomedicine seemed not to work. Such practices included reflexology, aromatherapy, acupuncture and massage that actually underlined biomedicine rather than substituted (Cant et al. 2011). Whilst carrying out an interview on medical students in the UK, a student suggested that it is actually a catch-22-situation when looking after patients from diverse races as they have diverse predominance of whatever conditions that eventually will require different treatment, a world apart from what is being taught in medical schools with regards to treating everyone in the same way (Roberts et al. 2008). A quick look to Harrison (2008) for a concluding comment on multicultural nursing in relation to holistic care, offers us this brief view: a Western health care organism that has not managed to treat minority communities in a holistic manner is a system that claims to care for one and all identically. The Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence Nightingale According to Nightingale’s Theory of Environmental Adaptation, an individual’s health is improved by looking after the surrounding environment. It goes further than this and asks for the environment to be operated by the health care professionals as an approach to healing (Howett et al. 2010). Florence Nightingale defined nursing as â€Å"†¦the act of utilising the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Funnell et al. 2009). She determined that the deficiency of factors such as uncontaminated air, clean water, sanitation, hygiene and sunlight is unhealthy to the human being. Furthermore, she reasoned that temperature, environment and nutrition affect the patient (Kozier, et al. 2008). This theory of nursing includes inspection, recognition of environment changes and their execution and supporting the patient health care by allowing the environment to benefit the patient (Neils, 2010). Selanders (2010) reviewed and compared this theory’s aspects with modern day practice and reported that Nightingale’s concept, such as air, light, noise and cleanliness is equal to today’s concept of physical environment; health recommendations to psychological environment; food to nutritional status and observation to nursing management. The author also estimated that the theory has been used in several qualitative works and some studies on the childbirth process. Transcultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing Practice According to Leininger (2002b) patients are not provided full holistic care by health professionals. Factors such as kinship, religion, environment and culture are largely missing. For that reason, care professionals should avoid being judgmental when delivering holistic care and rather provide an all-inclusive care that respects the individual’s cultural background (Maddalena, 2009). As a student nurse, it is vital to value the development of cultural awareness and competency within the profession in order to encourage and address all stages of holistic nursing practice as it is meaningful to today’s multicultural society. Leininger (1997) also claimed that essential practice is needed to create a regulation of multicultural nursing that could be of use to much ignored cultures. For example, acute medical treatment, medication, and patient fulfilment can be improved by understanding care beliefs when bringing in nursing care which, in turn, could save the health care system financially and also have a desired positive outcome on patients (Woerner et al. 2009). Individuals or groups may clash with health professionals if they are not showing respect for each other’s cultural beliefs resulting in poor treatment and patients losing hope in the health care system. Hogg (2010a) also underpinned this understanding as crucial to delivering accurate holistic nursing practice. However, not only patients may lose faith in the system. Hogg (2010b) also affirmed that nurses from black and minority ethnic have suffered, at some point, racial harassment as well as lack of opportunities according to their numbers in the nursing profession. As holistic nursing practice centres on recognition of patients’ rights and choices (Potter, 2005 cited in Dossey et al. 2005, p.347), it is subsequently supporting the meaning behind multicultural care. The association of both precepts confirms an ongoing engagement to pursue equality and diversity as promoted by the Nursing Midwifery Council (2008). â€Å"Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (The International Council for Nurses, 2005). When assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a patient’s needs as to medication, health professionals should take into account culture’s physiologic traits, as it can seriously impact the treatment. For instances, due to genetics, for one patient a normal given dose may develop a reaction whereas for another it may not work at all (Anon, 2005). Conclusion It is obvious that cultural competency is a must when performing holistic nursing practice, in order to deliver a responsive and high quality care system. It is therefore recommended that specific cultural training should be given to all health care professionals so as to not overlook the great multi-cultural society we all are in. As society becomes more diverse, health care professionals should expand guiding principles that sponsor cultural skills as a way to deliver enhanced holistic healthcare. By carrying out this essay, the author realises the significance of treating people in a holistic way and not making assumptions just because they are from different cultures. This is something that seems yet not to be well implemented in my workplace (NHS since 2007). The author will, from now on, be more aware of his practice when caring for individuals from different culture backgrounds. It can be considered that nursing as a profession is also an example of human culture so indispensable for a in peak condition community, as seen looking through the theories of nursing and its tools presented in this paper, which if not recognized may affect the execution of holistic practice and its results, i.e. it is a profession whose culture needs to be elastic if it is to fulfill its function. 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Hospitality Management Conflict Management in a Restaurant

Question: Discuss about theHospitality Managementfor Conflict Management in a Restaurant. Answer: Case Study: Conflict Management in a Restaurant Managing the conflict at workplace is necessary so that the productivity of the organization is not hampered. The manager or a team leader should have skills to solve the conflict efficiently so that it is able to preserve the interest of everyone present in the organization (Wolff and Yakinthou 2013). Recently the management team had updated a weekly roaster in a restaurant. The staff in the restaurant has been quarrelling for the past four days over the roasters that have been out on the information board. This is leading some staff to be unproductive and unmotivated at workplace. Hence, it is very essential to solve this quarrel and conflict in order to improve the productivity and motivate the workers (Wolff 2013). The staff in restaurant has been fighting over the roaster regarding the night duties. The staff that has been allotted the night duty is not ready to work at night and wants to get it exchanged with the staff that has day shift. However, the other staff is not ready to compromise due to which both of them are indulging in quarrel. This issue has been bought to the supervisor who is given the duty of solving the conflict. The first step that will be used to solve the conflict is to listen to the problems that the staff is facing with the night duty. If the problem of the staff is genuine then the manager will publish an alternative roaster. The manager will ask the other staffs in the restaurant whether anyone is willing to work at night. If the manager gets an employee who has not problem in working at night then a new roaster will be published. This way the conflict at restaurant will be solved. To avoid this type of conflict in future the roaster will be formulated after consultin g it with the employees and understanding their problem. If any staff has any problem with the timing then the issue can be solved immediately. This will help in avoidance of conflict. It was observed that many staff is unwilling to work at night due to which the conflict arises due to the roaster. This is because staffs do not want to compromise their sleep for the duty. This type of conflict can also be solved. The workers that are willing to work at night will be paid extra and will be given travelling allowance. This will motivate and encourage the workers to work at night which will help in resolving the problem that restaurant faces (Sisson and Adams 2013). Hence, in order to solve the conflict at workplace it is essential for the supervisor or the management team to give proper skills. Communication is one of the tools that can be used by the managers to solve the conflict. The problems of the employees should be listened carefully and then a plan can be developed to work on each conflict systematically. Weekly sessions with the employees will help in minimizing the conflict at work (Prenzel and Vanclay 2014). References Prenzel, P.V. and Vanclay, F., 2014. How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, pp.30-37. Sisson, L.G. and Adams, A.R., 2013. Essential hospitality management competencies: The importance of soft skills.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,25(3), pp.131-145. Wolff, S. and Yakinthou, C. eds., 2013.Conflict management in divided societies: theories and practice. Routledge. Wolff, S., 2013. Conflict management in divided societies: The many uses of territorial self-governance.International Journal on Minority and Group Rights,20(1), pp.27-50.

The Stranger Essays (1044 words) - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger

The Stranger In The Stranger, as in all Camus works, Camus views on freedom and death one dependent on the other are major themes. For Camus, freedom arises in awareness of ones life, the every-moment life, an intense glorious life that needs no redeeming, no regrets, no tears. Death is unjustifiable, absurd; it is but a reintegration into the cosmos for a free man. Until a person reaches this awareness, life, like death, is absurd, and indeed, generically, life remains absurd, though each individuals life can be valuable and meaningful to him. In a sense, The Stranger is a parable of Camus philosophy, with emphasis on that which is required for freedom. Meursault, hero of The Stranger, is not a person one would be apt to meet in reality in this respect; Meursault does not achieve the awakening of consciousness, so essential to freedom and to living Camus philosophy until the very end of the book, yet he has lived his entire life in according with the morality of Camus philosophy. His equivalent in the Christian philosophy would be an irreligious person whose homeland has never encountered Christianity who, upon having it explained by a missionary, realizes he has never sinned. What is the morality, the qualities necessary for freedom, which Meursault manifested? First, the ruling trait of his character is his passion for the absolute truth. While in Meursault this takes the form of a truth of being and feeling, it is still the truth necessary to the conquest of the self or of the world. This passion is so profound that it obtains even when denying it might save his life. Second, and not unrelated to the first, is Meursaults acceptance of nature as what it is and nothing more, his rejection of the supernatural, including any god. Actually, rejection of God is not accurate until later when he is challenged to accept the concept; Meursault simply has never considered God and religion worthwhile pursuing. The natural makes sense; the supernatural doesnt. It follows that death to Meursault also is what it is naturally; the end of life, cessation, and that is all. Third, and logically following, Meursault lives entirely in the present. The past is past and dwelling upon it in any mood is simply a waste of the present. As to the future, the ultimate future is death; to sacrifice the present to the future is equivalent to sacrificing life to death. Finally and obviously, since the present is his sole milieu, Meursault takes note of each moment of life; since there is no outside value system, no complex future plan, to measure against, and as a result of his passion for truth and consequently justice, he grants every moment equal importance. One moment may be more pleasurable than another, one boring, one mundane, each receives equal time in his narration of his life. Meursault has one failing trait, a direct and logical result of his unconsciousness of his own view of life and philosophy of living, indifference. Perhaps because his way of life and thinking seem so natural to him, he has never considered their roots, has never confronted the absurdity of death, with the consequent recognition of the value of his life. Out of indifference he fails to question and thereby errs out of indifference he links forces with violence and death, rather than with love and life. As a result of indifference, he kills a man. Meursault kills a man and is brought to trial. But in truth he is not tried for murder, nor for his error, he is tried for his virtue. Here Camus shows how many men fear the absurd, refuse not to accept it to confront it at all. Instead they make compromises with it, grant it importance and supernatural meaning, and live for it. The result is lives built on sham, hypocrisy, paper scaffolding. The natural man, the man of truth and reality, can only threaten their authority, the very fragile web of their lives, that is, his very existence may force them to see through themselves. It is for this that they condemn Meursault to death. Faced with the guillotine, Meursault is forced to confront death, his own death. Through the horror and

Choosing the Right Essay

Choosing the Right EssayWhen you are writing a leadership and organizational development essay for college, there are a few ways to determine how your writing can be improved. As such, you need to have a way to choose among the different essay samples available. A lot of essay writing services companies provide these essay samples on their websites and can offer you up to a number of samples that you can review.However, when you go for a sample of your own, always remember that you should also compare them to essays that are not included in the sample, and that you should also look for a higher level of professionalism. There are so many essay samples that the companies will not give you the chance to see what they really look like. Instead, they will let you use their word processors, which may offer you an impression of the finished product, but do not reveal its true nature.Looking for a better essay that is more than just a copy of a sample contains you and your interests in it. You should choose your essay based on the kind of person you are. It is not just about following a course in writing.Sometimes, you will find some sample essays that you like, but if they do not contain any references to your interests or your experiences, you should start to look for other ones. There are a lot of topics in college that you would want to discuss in your essay, and you should have a certain amount of knowledge about each of them. So, as well as looking for the topic you are interested in, you should look for things that might interest you in each topic.There are a lot of students who are finding that the only people who take part in leadership training courses are those who have a certain passion for a particular leader or organization. It is your duty to find out what interest you, and to highlight that in your essay. If you are passionate about organizations that deal with the development of the human spirit, then you should look for a focus on the development of leadership.Looking for a leader essay that you can relate to, does not mean that you should write something that is over the top. Rather, you should write something that can be more personal and can allow you to state your thoughts in a simple way. This way, you can make your essay look professional, and you can avoid looking as though you are trying to converse in public.When you are looking for a better essay, you should make sure that you compare several different sample essays. It is also important to use only one or two word processors in order to allow you to become familiar with the functions of the software. Your leader essay will be one of the most influential documents that you write for college, so it is important that you be able to use a computer well.A good essay is an amalgamation of several things. You should be able to have a clear idea about what you are going to write about, and you should make sure that you give more than enough space in the document to your read ers. In short, you should always remember that you should choose your essay based on your audience, as well as the subjects that you are interested in, and you should also choose your writer based on how much you know about a subject.

Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress

At first glance, Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should â€Å"seize the day† and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married (Meyer 728). In today’s world, the speaker’s speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress; however the speaker does not explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant. Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement. He implies how all of us, regardless of gender or involvement in relationships, should savor the pleasures of the moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex, at least until she and the speaker are married; however, the speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose sensibly from premarital sex. Marvell, however, is not suggesting that unrestrained lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is only the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. In my opinion, Marvell’s actual point here is that we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment. To convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use irregular rhyme, not only to vary the monotonous pattern but also to reinforce the poem’s theme (Meyer 878). Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme â€Å"lie/eternity† while lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity with â€Å"try/virginity.†(Meyer 835). The first couplet suggests that the future that lies before us is in no way desirable: â€Å"deserts of vast eternity† imply a threatening rather... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress At first glance, Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should â€Å"seize the day† and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married (Meyer 728). In today’s world, the speaker’s speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress; however the speaker does not explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant. Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement. He implies how all of us, regardless of gender or involvement in relationships, should savor the pleasures of the moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex, at least until she and the speaker are married; however, the speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose sensibly from premarital sex. Marvell, however, is not suggesting that unrestrained lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is only the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. In my opinion, Marvell’s actual point here is that we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment. To convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use irregular rhyme, not only to vary the monotonous pattern but also to reinforce the poem’s theme (Meyer 878). Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme â€Å"lie/eternity† while lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity with â€Å"try/virginity.†(Meyer 835). The first couplet suggests that the future that lies before us is in no way desirable: â€Å"deserts of vast eternity† imply a threatening rather... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress To His Coy Mistress Before paraphrasing the poem itself, I must first start with the title. The speaker is telling of his unending love to his â€Å"coy mistress.† But at the time this poem was written, in the late 17th century, a mistress was not the lover of a married man. Instead, it refers to a woman who is loved and courted. Coy is defined as shy and modest. The speaker is telling his coy mistress that if there were enough time in the world, her shyness would be no crime because time would not be a factor. They could sit down and pass the days just loving each other. He (the speaker) would sit by the river Indian Ganges, and write love songs about her. He would love her for eternity, and she could always refuse him, because without time as a factor, there would be no rush. His love for her would grow slowly, slower than empires grow. He would praise her eyes for a hundred years, and praise each breast for two hundred years. He would spend thirty thousand years praising the rest o f her body; he would dedicate an entire age to each part of her. Saving the best for last, he would spend an age talking of her heart. He loves her so much that she deserves all this praise, and he cannot imagine loving her any less than he does; he cannot imagine giving her any less praise than she deserves. But this is not possible, because he knows that time is short; our lives are short indeed compared to the time it would take him to properly praise her. Because life is so short, because â€Å"Time’s winged chariot hurr[ies] near† (line 22) she would be dead long before he got done praising her. She would no longer be beautiful, and she would not hear his songs of love, because she would be dead, buried underground. Before he could take her virginity, the worms would eat her. Her honor would turn to dust as she decomposes, just as his lust would turn to ash, because they will both be dead. There is humor in the statement â€Å"Th... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Poetry Essay â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† a poem written by Andrew Marvell is one of the most famous carpe diem poems ever written. Carpe diem means to seize the day. Marvell’s poem is about a young man trying to persuade his mistress to have sex with him. The young man is using a tripartite form of an argument, using figurative language to try and persuade his mistress to have sex with him. The young man’s argument is divided into three stanzas of the poem. In the first stanza, the young man is using figurative language to let his mistress know how much he would love her if he had a lot of time. Next, in the second stanza the young man is using figurative language to tell his mistress that time is running out and what will happen when it does. Lastly, in the third stanza the young man uses figurative language to tell his mistress now would be a good time to have sex. The figurative language used in each stanza, comes together to form the carpe diem theme. In the first stanza of the poem the young man says,† Had we but world enough and time this coyness, lady, were no crime†(1-2). He is stating that if the two had all the time in the world that he would not mind his mistress acting reluctant. The young man is saying if they had the time,† My vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow.†(11-12). The young man is stating that his flourishing love for his mistress would grow larger than empires but a lot slower, if they had the time. If he had,† World enough and time†(1), â€Å" An hundred years should go to thine eyes, on thy forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest. An age at least to every part†(13-17). The young man is letting his mistress know he would spend countless years on each part of her body, if they had the time. The young man is pointing out what he would do if he had a lot of time, by using figurative language. This part of the argument i... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress Love spans horizons, but empires span centuries. In Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, the speaker uses the fourteenth century poetic mode of patriarchal convention to emphasis the themes of insult and irrationality. The themes are communicated through various forms of figurative language, different types of poetic form, and subconscious propaganda that is emitted from the carpe diem tradition. Further observations into the speaker’s method of courtship reveals attributes of manipulative behavior. Love spans horizons, but empires span centuries. In Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, the speaker uses the fourteenth century poetic mode of patriarchal convention to emphasis the themes of insult and irrationality. The themes are communicated through various forms of figurative language, different types of poetic form, and subconscious propaganda that is emitted from the carpe diem tradition. Further observations into the speaker’s method of courtship reveals attributes of manipulative behavior. The speaker’s verbal artistry is a compelling drama that envisions no shame, showing how can a man fill a woman’s heart with empty promises and concepts and still walk proudly â€Å"through the iron gates of life† (line 44). The speaker’s intentions are obvious to the reader; sex today and love tomorrow. Various forms of figurative language such as allegories, similes, symbolism, and metaphors represent the intentions of the speaker. Allegorical images of walking by â€Å"the Indian Ganges’ side† (5) while waiting â€Å"two hundred years to adore each breast† (15) are logically impossible considering the time period’s difficulty with travel and health. The use of simile contradicts the speakers own concept of forever lasting love when he offers his lady to act â€Å"like amorous birds of prey† (38) and act upon primal instincts, which is suggestive of participating in savage lust. What...

How to Make Bubble Print Pictures

How to Make Bubble Print Pictures Bubble prints are like fingerprints, except made with bubbles. You can make bubble prints and learn about how bubbles are shaped and how pigments combine to make different colors. Bubble Print Materials Bubble prints are made by coloring bubble solution, blowing bubbles, and pressing paper onto the bubbles. You need brightly-colored bubbles in order to get a good picture. Tempera paint powder works really well, but you can substitute other water-soluble paints if you like. bubble solution (buy it or make your own)tempera paint powderpaperstrawssmall plates Make Colored Bubble Solution Pour a little bubble solution onto the bottom of a plate.Stir in paint powder until you have a thick paint. You want the thickest paint you can get, yet still be able to make bubbles using it. If you get the three primary colors of tempera paint then you can mix them in order to make other colors. You can add black or white paint, too. Primary Colors BlueRedYellow Secondary Colors - Made by mixing two primary colors together. Green Blue YellowOrange Yellow RedPurple Red Blue Make Bubble Prints Put the straw into the paint and blow bubbles. It may help to tilt the dish slightly. You can experiment with a few large bubbles versus many small bubbles.Touch the bubbles with a sheet of paper. Dont press the paper down into the paint - just catch the impressions of the bubbles.You can switch between colors. For multicolored bubbles, add two colors together but dont mix them. Blow bubbles into the un-mixed paints. Learn About Bubbles Bubbles consist of a thin film of soapy water filled with air. When you blow a bubble, the film expands outward. The forces acting between the molecules of the bubble cause it to form the shape that encloses the most volume with the least surface area a sphere. Look at the bubble prints that you have made. When bubbles stack, do they remain spheres? No, when two bubbles meet, they will merge walls to minimize their surface area. If bubbles that are the same size meet, then the wall that separates them will be flat. If bubbles that are different sizes meet, then the smaller bubble will bulge into the large bubble. Bubbles meet to form walls at an angle of 120Â °. If enough bubbles meet, the cells will form hexagons. You can see this structure in the images you make in this project.

Lesson 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson 10 - Essay Example Jarvis (14) argues that site planning is one of the subsets of a community design and must be taken into consideration in order to create a beautiful community. In attempting to describe the relationship between site planning and community design, a famous urban theorist and author Kevin Lynch came up with three key variables that distinguish site planning from community design. The variables include a site is a contiguous area; controlled by single ownership; with much greater design control (Lynch 21). From Lynch’s theory, it becomes evident that site planning truly represents an important aspect of a community design. The purpose of this discourse is to discuss site planning as a unique subset of a community design in light of Kevin Lynch’s theory of site planning. The discourse will also examine how Highland City in Florida has incorporated site planning as a key element of community design. To begin with, site planning is regarded as an important subset of community design. Jarvis (16) attributes this to the fact that it determines the form and character of the built environment of the community. These include the groupings of buildings, neighborhoods, public spaces, public improvements, and streetscapes. In this regard, planning will affect what we see or experience in the community or neighborhoods. Therefore, the community design element, at its best, should provide clear, relevant and creative guidance to the private enterprise, city and the public as they labor together to build a community whose small-town character is augmented by high quality public and private development. In his theory of urban planning, Kevin Lynch claimed that site planning functions as a feedback system between the site itself and the designer. This requires conducting a thorough initial analysis of the site and considering various ecological approaches once suggested by McHarg. Even though there are quite a number of models that can assist in describing a city or

In the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the News - Essay Example The article argues that this trend will continue to grow in future as interest of the people in the internet is expected to increase in coming years. Ad tracking companies attempt to increase the experience of the viewers and this is the main reason why they are expected to do good in future. The article also forecasts that in future customers will be targeted with more relevant and quality advertisements. The material discussed in the article is both important and relevant to course content. Internet advertisement has become an important area of advertisement. Gone are the days when managers had to worry about print and television media only. Digital media and social media is an all new territory for managers and today they have to focus more on such media in order to achieve their sales target. This is why the article is completely related to the course content and in also important for future managers. The article has great managerial implications for future marketers. The growth of internet marketing tells managers what audiences are interested in. Managers should focus more on the digital media than any other media in order to attract audiences because this is where the future

The History of Nigerian Banking System

The History of Nigerian Banking System The existence of banks in Nigeria dates back as far as 1862 when the first Nigerian bank came into being. There was no banking legislation until 1952; at that time, Nigeria had three foreign banks and two indigenous banks with a collective total of forty branches. Despite the set standards by the 1952 ordinance, the growth of demand deposits was slowed down by the Nigerian propensity to prefer cash and distrust checks for debt settlements. 1912 experienced the establishment of the West African currency board which was to help 6 in financing the export trade of foreign firms in West Africa and to issue a West African currency which could be converted to British pound sterling. The colonial policies barred the local investment of reserves, discouraged deposit expansion, precluded discretion for monetary management and did nothing to educate Africans in developing indigenous financial institutions. This led to a motion by several Nigerian members of the house to establish a central bank to facilitate economic development. Though the motion was defeated, the colonial administration appointed a bank of England to study the issue and he advised against a central bank with emphasis on their effectiveness in an undeveloped capital market. Another study was conducted in 1957 and this resulted in the creation of a Nigerian central bank and the introduction of the Nigerian currency. The role of the central bank was to establish the Nigerian currency, control and regulate the banking system, serve as bankers to other banks in Nigeria and carry out the governments economic policy in the monetary field. This policy included control of bank credit growth, credit distribution by sector, cash reserve requirements for commercial banks, discount ratesinterest rates the Central Bank charged commercial and merchant banksand the ratio of banks long-term assets to deposits. Changes in Central Bank restrictions on credit and monetary expansion affected total demand and income. For example, in 1988, as inflation accelerated, the Central Bank tried to restrain monetary growth. During the civil war, the government limited and later suspended repatriation of dividends and profits, reduced foreign travel allowances for Nigerian citizens, limited the size of allowances to overseas public offices, required official permission for all foreign payments, and, in January 1968, issued new currency notes to replace those in circulation. Although in 1970 the Central Bank advised against dismantling of import and financial constraints too soon after the war, the oil boom soon permitted Nigeria to relax restrictions. The three largest commercial banks held about one-third of total bank deposits. In 1973 the federal government undertook to acquire a 40-percent equity ownership of the three largest foreign banks. In 1976, under the second Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree requiring 60-percent indigenous holdings, the federal government acquired an additional 20-percent holding in the three largest foreign banks and 60-percent ownership in the other foreign 7 banks. Yet indigenization did not change the management, control, and lending orientation toward international trade, particularly of foreign companies and their Nigerian subsidiaries of foreign banks. At the end of 1988, the banking system consisted of the Central Bank of Nigeria, forty-two commercial banks, and twenty four merchant banks, a substantial increase since 1986. Merchant banks were allowed to open checking accounts for corporations only and could not accept deposits below N50, 000. Commercial and merchant banks together had 1,500 branches in 1988, up from 1,000 in 1984. In 1988 commercial banks had assets of N52.2 billion compared to N12.6 billion for merchant banks in early 1988. In FY 1990 the government put N503 million into establishing community banks to encourage community development associations, cooperative societies, farmers groups, patriotic unions, trade groups, and other local organizations, especially in rural areas. Other financial institutions included government-owned specialized development banks: the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank, the Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry, and the Nigerian Agricultural Bank, as well as the Federal Savings Banks and the Federal Mortgage Bank. Also active in Nigeria were numerous insurance companies, pension funds, and finance and leasing companies. Nigeria also had a stock exchange (established in Lagos in 1961) and a number of stockbrokerage firms. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Decree of 1988 gave the Nigerian SEC powers to regulate and supervise the capital market. These powers included the right to revoke stockbroker registrations and approve or disapprove any new stock exchange. Established in 1988, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation increased confidence in the banks by protecting depositors against bank failures in licensed banks up to N50, 000 in return for an annual bank premium of nearly 1 percent of total deposit liabilities. 1.5.3 Types of Banks A bank is a profit making business providing financial services which includes receiving deposits of money, lending money and processing transactions. There are different types of banks and so do their functions differ. 8 1.5.3.1 Commercial Banks Commercial banks are authorized institutions providing retail banking services to the public. They accept deposits from customers and in turn make loans based on those deposits. They are noted for providing services which includes savings, current and term/fixed deposit accounts, lending, payment and transfer of money which is now facilitated by the recently introduced online banking. They also facilitate the transformation of rural areas by extending banking services. They offer professional advice to their clients on viable businesses and international trade. They are the channel for the implementation of the monetary policies from the central bank and act as authorized foreign exchange dealers in providing such facilities. They are collectors on behalf of other government and non government agencies. They buy and sell securities on behalf of their customers and boost the securities in the capital market and also sponsor companies seeking quotation on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. 1.5.3.2 Merchant Banks They started operations in 1961 with the establishment of Philip Hill (Nigeria) Limited which later merged with Nigerian Acceptances Limited in 1969. Other merchant banks later came along. As a result of the non recognition of universal banking then, merchant banks in Nigeria operate wholesale banking, which involves loan syndication, equity and debt issues, ventures capital and equipment leasing. They play important roles in pooling a consortium of banks, where the borrowing required exceeds availability of funds from commercial or any other bank. They also introduce their big clients to the Nigerian Stock Exchange and handle international transactions through a global network of affiliated banks. The banks are usually sited at urban areas and provide services to large organisations and extremely wealthy individuals. 1.5.3.3 Universal Banks Before the introduction of the universal banking concept by the federal government, operators of merchant banks had complained that their poor performances over the years 9 were due to a banking system that they claimed favoured commercial banks. The clamour for one-stop-supermarket bank became noticed in the mid 1990s when the financial system was swept by the distress in the banking sector. This virtually wrecked havoc on the economy. Many people have observed that the distinction between commercial and merchant banking is out-dated and no longer fashionable in other developed countries. The harmonised banking service is seen as cost-effective for providing a level playing field, where a customer can open an account and engage in all banking and insurance transactions from one bank to the other. The new banking concept offers a wider range of banking services, which include retailed banking, capital market activities and insurance business. The banking environment will no longer be restricted to certain functions. The new banking services commenced in January 2001. 1.5.3.4 Development Banks Development banks were established by the government, to promote national economic development. They tend to address issues of low income, insufficient savings and inadequate investment. The government and multilateral agencies sponsor the banks. The first development finance institution is the Nigerian Local Development Board, which was established in 1946 and charged with the responsibility of giving loans and grants to native authorities, cooperative societies and other public bodies for prescribed development projects (Agene 1990). Notable development banks include, Nigerian Industrial Development Bank, Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria, Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry, Nigerian Agricultural and Cooperative Bank, Peoples Bank of Nigeria and Nigerian Educational Bank. Others include, National Economic Recovery Fund (NERFUND), Community Banks, etc. In a nutshell, for the long term survival of a bank, they would have to make money in their operation so as to be able to meet up with their expenses. They accept deposits from customers and pay interest which can only be realized from the exchange of money between two parties. One of the ways in which they make money is by charging interest on loans. The money deposited by customers is lent out to creditors. They charge higher interest on money they lend out and pay lower on the deposits. The difference then serves as own realization from the transaction. 10 Also, they operate on fractionalized deposit. They use depositors money to make money by giving loans and earning interest. These loans are usually real estate loans and sometimes car loans. Prior to the depression, banks were allowed to invest in the stock market. As a result of the bank crash, a law was passed to end the practice and force banks and investment institutions to be different entities. 1.5.4 Impact of the Central Bank on the activities of a Bank The Central Bank of Nigeria governs the activities of banks in Nigeria and provides rules and guidelines for the execution of activities in the banking industry. The central bank is charged with the general control and administration of the monetary and financial sector policies of the federal government. Its statutory mandate includes the issuance of the legal tender currency, maintaining of the external reserves, safeguarding the international value of the legal tender currency, and acting as bankers and financial adviser to the federal government; promote monetary stability and a sound financial system in Nigeria. In understanding the monetary policy, it is important to look at it from the perspective of the mandate set for the bank. This includes maintenance of Nigerias external reserves to safeguard the international value of the legal currency, promotion and maintenance of monetary stability and a sound and efficient financial system in Nigeria, acting as banker and financial adviser to the Federal Government; and acting as lender of last resort to banks. Consequently, the Bank is charged with the responsibility of administering the Banks and Other Financial Institutions (BOFI) Act (1991) as amended, with the sole aim of ensuring high standards of banking practice and financial stability through its surveillance activities, as well as the promotion of an efficient payment system. In addition to its core functions, CBN has over the years performed some major developmental functions, focused on all the key sectors of the Nigerian economy (financial, agricultural and industrial sectors). Overall, these mandates are carried out by the Bank through its various departments.The roles of the central bank of Nigeria also include the establishment of a national microfinance consultative committee, evolvement of a clear micro finance policy that spells out the eligibility and licensing criteria, provides operational standards and guidelines to 11 stakeholders, adopting an appropriate regulatory and supervisory framework, minimizing regulatory arbitrage through periodic reviews of the policy and guidelines, continuously advocating market determined interest rates for government owned institutions and promote microfinance funds through MFBS, promoting linkage programmes between universal banks, specialized finance institutions and the micro finance banks. 1.5.4.1 Departments of central bank and their activities There a basically three departments in the central bank of Nigeria and they are the banking supervision department, development finance department and other financial institutions department. 1.5.4.1.1 Banking Supervision Department The banking supervision department of the central bank of Nigeria carries out on-site as well as off site supervision of deposit money and discount houses. Its basic functions include reviews and analyses of the financial conditions of banks based on CAMEL parameters using prudential reports, reviews and analyses of statutory returns and other relevant information, monitor trends and development for the banking sector, generate industry reports on a monthly and quarterly basis. It also monitors compliance with the law, guidelines and circulars (BOFIA (banks and other financial institutions act), CAMA, and CBN (Central Bank of Nigeria) Act etc) 1.5.4.2 Development Finance Department The development finance department was established to manage the agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund and finance the marketing operations of the defunct commodity marketing boards. In view of the expected role of the bank in the Nigerian economy, the department was restructured and renamed as the development finance department. They are concerned with identifying development finance market failures, designing strategies and policies for addressing them, formulating policies, regulatory and supervisory framework for micro/rural finance, identifying development priorities, designing and implementing alternative funding sources, monitoring and evaluating the impact of 12 development finance initiatives, advising government and the CBN Management on commodities, SME, and micro/rural finance issues. 1.5.4.3 The Other Financial Institution Department (OFI) The other financial institutions department is saddled with the responsibility of supervising and regulating the other financial institution sub-sector which include the community banks, finance companies, bureau de change, primary mortgage institution, the development finance institutions and the recently launched micro finance banks. The department carries out both on-site and off-site supervision of the other financial institutions. The off-site supervision involves the appraisal and approval of the application for licenses, nominees intothe boards and top management positions, transfer of shares and increase in hare capital, statutory returns from other financial institutions, appointment or exchange of the external auditors. The on-site aspect of the departments function includes pre commencement examination before the grant of a final license to an OFI (Other financial institutions), routine examination which is the regular examination, target examination addresses specific supervisory concerns arising from unprofessional conduct of the operations of an OFI and is carried out as the need arises while spot-checks for quick confirmation/ verification through independent on-site assessment. This includes corporate governance, accounting systems and records, quality of assets, reliability of information provided, internal control system/anti-money laundering controls and procedures, earnings, liquidity, financial condition and capital adequacy. 1.5.5 Effects of the Monetary and Economic policies on the activities of Nigerian Banks Monetary policies refers to the specific actions taken by the central bank to regulate the value, supply and cost of money in the economy with a view t achieving governments macroeconomic objectives. For many countries, the objectives of the monetary policy are explicitly stated in the laws establishing the central bank, while for others they are not. The objectives of the monetary policy may vary from country to country but there are two main views. 13 The first view calls for the monetary policy to achieve price stability, while the second view seeks to achieve price stability and other macroeconomic objectives. The central bank of Nigeria like other central banks in developing countries, achieve the monetary policy goal through the amount of money supplied. In Nigeria, the Central Bank defines money supply as comprising narrow and broad money. The definition of narrow money (M1) includes currency in circulation with non-bank public and demand deposits or current accounts in the banks. The broad money (M2) includes narrow money plus savings and time deposits, as well as foreign denominated deposits. The broad money measures the total volume of money supply in the economy. Thus, excess money supply (or liquidity) may arise in the economy when the amount of broad money is over and above the level of total output in the economy. The need to regulate money supply is based on the knowledge that there is a stable relationship between the quantity of money supply and economic activity and that if its supply is not limited to what is required to support productive activities; it will result in undesirable effects such as high prices or inflation. In summary, monetary policy in the Nigerian context refers to the actions of the Central Bank of Nigeria to regulate the money supply, so as to achieve the ultimate macroeconomic objectives of government. Several factors influence the money supply, some of which are within the control of the central bank, while others are outside its control. The specific objective and the focus of monetary policy may change from time to time, depending on the level of economic development and economic fortunes of the country. The choice of instrument to use to achieve what objective would depend on these and other circumstances. 1.6. History of the banks surveyed 1.6.1 Zenith International Bank Plc. Zenith Bank Plc was incorporated on May 30, 1990 as a private company limited by shares. In July 2004, the Bank became a public company limited by shares and subsequently launched what still remains the most successful Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the history 14 of the Nigerian Capital Market. Its 6,000,000,000 (six billion) ordinary shares of 50 kobo each were later listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange on October 21, 2004. Zenith Bank Plc achieved yet another milestone when it raised N53.63bn in February 2006 by a Public Offer of 3,000,000,000 (three billion shares), one of the largest amount in the history of the Nigerian Capital Market. Zenith Bank Plc is one of the largest and most profitable banks in Nigeria with total assets plus contingents of over N714.5 billion after consolidation. The Bank has continued to record remarkable performance on several parameters. Zenith Banks growth and performance has earned excellent ratings from both local and international rating agencies. Agusto co. ltd has consistently rates the bank Aaa for six consecutive years. Also of repute is the fact that the bank has the lowest non performing loans to total loans ratio of 1.7% against the industry average of 18% and has grown its asset base at an average of over 50% per annum in the last five years. Its service offering covers but are not limited to corporate and commercial banking services, funds and asset management, investment banking and financial advisory services , private bank, treasury and cash management services. In delivering their vision, they put strategies in place which has being their guide in their operation. It sets out to differentiate itself in the banking industry through the quality of service it render, the caliber of their clients and the drive for a unique customer experience. The bank is easily associated with attributes such as innovation, best risk asset portfolio, high quality personnel, consistent superior financial performance and leadership in the use of information and communication technology. The banks overall vision is to make the brand a reputable international financial services network recognized for innovation, superior customer service and performance while creating premium value for all stakeholders. 1.6.2 Guaranty Trust Bank Plc Guaranty Trust Bank plc was incorporated in July 1990, as a private limited liability company wholly owned by Nigerian individuals and institutions. The bank was licensed as a Commercial Bank in August 1990 and commenced operation in February 1991. In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank plc became a publicly quoted company and won the Nigerian Stock Exchange Presidents Merit award that same year and again in the years 15 2000, 2003,2005 and 2006. The Bank was also runner-up for the quoted company of the year award in 2005. In February 2002, it obtained a Universal Banking license and was appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003. Its quest to continue adding value to the businesses of its stakeholders has seen it emerge as a pacesetter and industry leader over the years. This is evident in its introduction of real time online banking in 1990, mobile, telephone and internet banking in 2002, Slip free banking in 2006 and the first fully interactive self service call centre; GT Connect in 2006. The bank was able to meet their financial obligations as they fell due and this got them the recognition of three rating agencies. Agusto Co reaffirmed its triple a risk rating every year fro the last four years, Fitch also assigned the bank a double A minus risk rating in recognition of its strong domestic franchise, good quality assets and sound earnings record and finally, Standard Poors, assigned the Bank a double B minus (BB-) risk rating. The Bank is the only Nigerian financial institution with such a rating, which is the same as the Agencies Sovereign rating for Nigeria. The bank has over the years been a recipient of several awards for superior financial performance, customer service delivery, excellent share performance, management efficiency some of which are the most respected financial institution in Nigeria (2006), the highly commended bank of the year award in Africa (2005), Most Customer friendly Bank (2007), Best Bank for Brand Development 2007. Despite the challenges which characterized the year under review(2006-2007 Financial year), the bank was able to grow its gross earnings by 46% from N34 billion to N49 billion while its profit before tax rose by 50% from N10.5 billion in the previous year to N15.7 billion. In the same period, total asset and contingents increased by 54% from N391billion a year earlier to N603 billion.