Racism and discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racism and discrimination - Research Paper Example It also highlights racism at schools in Canada and in larger society against members of various ethnic groups. It may sound surprising but the fact is that racism is taught in school in the form history. A teacher in who teaches in a school where the kids belong to the blacks highlights that she teaches the history of the white to the black children. Automatically it generates hatred among the whites and the blacks, which eventually leads to discrimination on the bases of color. Hence, the teacher highlights that the she herself dose not incorporate the elements of discrimination rather it is the textbooks that lead the teachers to the arena where discrimination and racism automatically seeps, in to the teachings in the classroom (Dei, 2011). The data available showed that the bullying on the bases of ethnic groups particularly aboriginal Canadians is significantly visible in schools (Dei, 2011). These cases showed that racism includes bullying along with physical abuse and name calling in schools. Other minority groups such as Muslims also face certain level of racism and stereotyping in Canada (Haque, 2010) Mehta, D. (2012, December 11). Aboriginal Canadians face racism, stereotyping in urban health care: report. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from CTV News:

Income statement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Income statement - Coursework Example The revenue of a business also reflects the performance of its management. Thus, revenue is quite significant in assessing the present and future value of the business as a whole. Due to such importance of revenue in the business environment, steps have been taken by all the accounting bodies to ensure that revenues are not overstated in order to depict the financial performance better than it is in reality. Thus, it is established that revenues arising from sale of goods should be recognized only when the entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards associated with the goods to the buyer. The revenue in respect of rendering of services shall be recognized only when the outcome of the transaction through which services are rendered can be measured reliably. Product Expense: The expense incurred by a company in manufacturing a product is a product expense. These include direct materials, direct labour and factory overheads. These expenses become the part of the total cost of the product being produced. Period Expense: The expense incurred by a company during a financial period is a period expense. These expenses are shown in the Income statement in the period in which these are incurred. Examples of such costs are administrative costs, distribution costs, selling costs, rent of head office etc. The matching principle states that the costs incurred for earning revenue should be reported in the same accounting period in which the revenue has been recognized. Thus, where a company is engaged in the business of production and sale of a product, its revenue will be the sale proceeds derived from sale of its produce. However, when sales are recognized in financial statements as revenue, the inventory used in the production of finished goods sold shall also be recognized as cost of sales in the same period in order to comply with matching concept. Comparing the

An Intercultural Comparison Between Chinese Essay Example for Free

An Intercultural Comparison Between Chinese Essay An intercultural comparison between Chinese and foreign humor Summary: Humor is  a wonderful work  of human civilization  and wisdom, she smiled as a bridge, bond people in different culture, and made people recognizing the power of the humor in their normal communication. This paper  will trace the  historical origins of  humor. From the humorous discourse features, themes, social functions, performance practices and seize of the  subtle to start  the  similarities and differences between Chinese and Western humor. Humor is  a wonderful work  of human civilization  and wisdom, she smiled as a bridge, bond people in different culture, and made people recognizing the power of the humor in their normal communication. 1. Origins and scopes of humor Humor  comes from the  Latin  word ‘humor’, it  is an  ancient Greek physiology term refers to the ‘fluid’. Greek physician Hippocrates believed that the human  health and  temperament  of different  types of  four kinds of  body  fluids  on  the mixing ratio. Temperament  theory  in ancient Greece, medieval and Renaissance  have a great impact. Thus, humor  is  the original meaning of four kinds of body fluids determined by  the proportion of the human mind, body, customary tendency, temperament, or  temporary  mental and emotions. The first of the humor into the field of aesthetics  is a famous British  dramatist, Ben Jones,  gradually  dilute the  meaning of humor physiology, aesthetics increasingly in-depth  the study  of  humor. Late in the 17th century, humor began to have the modern meaning; In the 18th century, humor  for the  aesthetic features  of  drama,  fiction, poetry,  prose and writing style with humor  for the  writers and artists  have been common. Such as in : Sunday school teacher: Hands up all those who want to go to heaven? Hands up †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What about ou Terry? You haven’t got your hand up-don’t you want to go to heaven? Terry: Sorry, I can’t. Mum told me to go straight home. The  suspense  in  the beginning  of the first  discourse,  two,  third and  fourth inningdirect rendering. The  little boy’s ‘Sorry, I can’t. ’ is  a  reversal,  the last  one  is  a  hilarious  mutations. Cultural context  is an abstract,  general concept, an abstraction  form  in people’s everyday  social life. Because  discourse  is a communicative form,  while the  communication  is  carried out  in  certain situations, therefore, discourse analysis  must consider  its contents, participants in  communicative activities,  speech,  media  and other factors. In addition,  there is also a  certain  discourse  of environmental  factors, such as context, Marlinowski called it ‘Situational context’. Halliday thinks, from the  language  point of view  the use of  situational context  the most important three factors are:  language field,  the tone  and manner. Language field  is  corrected  in the event of  things;  tone  is  who is  communicative, their basic  conditions, characteristics, status  roles,  role relationships  between participants;  manner  refers to the language  in  the role of  communication, including communication  channels and modified way. From the above  humorous  point of view,  the language field  is  the scene ask questions in class;  communication of both  the teachers  and students; both  in communication  is the  unequal  status of  the teacher  is  the speaker, students aresubject to  speaker. Students  response should be to  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsupport’ or  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfight against’. The  confrontation  is  the beginning of  reversal,  which produce  humor. Communicative  role of the conversion  from the  point of view, discourse  is the speaker  and  the recipient  as a  center of  rotation. 3. Cross-cultural  comparison  of  Chinese and foreign  humor 3. 1 Themes Humor  is mankinds  an aesthetic  pursuit,  is  a reflection of  real life, first in  its  themes and  content  reflect  the unique  customs  of the  ethnic,  social and cultural. By traditional  Chinese  Confucianism  deeply rooted  that people  talk about sex  pale, therefore,  traditional Eastern humor neutral topic is taboo. The  humor  in  the West accounted for  a large proportion  of these  topics. 3. 2 Social functions Classified  according to their  social function  of humor as: negative humor(Deny  the shortcomings  of  life  and  negative  phenomena), positive humor(Affirm the  advantages  in life  and positive  phenomenon)  and pure humor(Does not  contain  affirm  and  negative,  just  full of  fun  to everyday phenomena  of  reflection). Europe and the United  States  purely  for entertainment  humor  in  a significant proportion of  the pure  humor,  this is  the time when  humor  from  the bud  will form  adistinctive  feature. The Chinese  sense of humor  seems to  bear  a heavier  historical mission – skewer the current ills. Throughout  hundreds of popular since the traditional dialogue  segment,  the vast majority of  satire  piece. 3. 3 Performance practices National characteristics  of humor  in  artistic  expression  on the  subject matter as  far as  clarity. It  is often  rooted in  long-standing  cultural traditions of a nation  and psychological quality,  the performance  is very subtle, delicate. China  has always been  deliberately seeking  humor  in the end,  the  taste  of the progressive  layers. Most indicative of  the Chinese  culture  of  humor  in the form  of humor  than the  comic. Crosstalk  of the  four  aspects of  the structure  corresponding to  the  four parts  of humor. Comic  from start to finish  with multiple  suspenses,  so that  the audience  is always  with interest, from the  tension  eased  to meet  expectations, and then  across  to the new expectations and new  meet. The  European and American  humor  often only one  piece  of suspense, comedy  to be more  suspense,  but because of  the integrity of  comedy,  the plot  of  coherence nd requirements, restrictions on  the use of  a lot of suspense. Crosstalk  is not,  although it  has some  plot lines, but not sticking to  the plot  needs the opportunity to  abandon the use of  suspense. On the contrary,  sometimes  to  the medium of  suspense, clever plot jumps from one to another with no ass ociated plot. 3. 4 Seize of subtle Subtle  sense of humor  is the  worlds nations   common feature. Each nations sense of humor  by  their historical  and cultural  tradition,  in the long-term artistic practice  in the  form  of  subtle style, extent  and methods vary. From the  perspective  of contemporary  humor  writing, in the  subtle  nature of  the pursuit, China  and Western countries  along two  different directions. Overall,  the humor  works of  Western-oriented  and  strive to concise of implicit, philosophy  combine  to make  more  room for  humor  after taste. The Chinese contemporary  humor,  its ability to  master the  subtle  and bright scales. 4. Summary Western countries,  Chinas  humor and  humor  in their  culture,  nurtured by  the soil  to form  a  different style. Through this  cross-cultural comparison, our  team  has  a better understanding of  world culture,  to accelerate  the pace of  China into the  world.

The Emerging Technology Trends In Computer Hardware Information Technology Essay

The Emerging Technology Trends In Computer Hardware Information Technology Essay The future of computer hardware is very fragile due to problems between software and hardware engineers and software now that cannot keep up with the material; the material may be decreasing as the software has priority. One thing to note is that the material cannot be totally eliminated. The market will always be a demand for faster hardware, lighter, more coherent and comprehensive. Arguably, the material can not hire as many jobs as the software does now because of the need and progress in software technology related to technology equipment. The material is and will carry on generating new applications that will make life easier and business more flourishing. Apply a new type of technology used in hardware applications, known as COTS. Commercial and product standards commonly known as COTS are proven and reliable in changing computer world. COTS allow software developers to provide new products, and hardware platform for adding custom hardware; a new device is the latest USB standard is also a past director of external equipment transfers. Cots are devices to help correct answers and progress on new computers, such as the XML protocol and new wireless advances. Another technology is the new hardware unit is microcontroller. The micro-controller unit (MCU) complete final products to the automotive market for smart cards. 16-bit and 32-bit MCU + are the main products of high-end consumer, the automotive and industrial control equipment. MPU Base application and wide variety of entrenched memory and other technologies add to their permanent unit and revenue growth. MCUs will carry on to see their make use of in products outside the home machine, which will allow hardware developers in the right direction for diversified applications. The tension between hardware engineers and software has led to an interesting correlation. Both types of engineers must learn to work together because the software and hardware engineers need each other in an appropriate communication to achieve various objectives. The types of material that is developed must cease and forth between the phase of software development for all types of applications across the board for all the different courses. With the increase in CPU capacity, created the software will always take more than enough room to allow the continued growth of the CPU in the industry. In the research project is completed, the balance between hardware and software engineers stay just as important for the optimal completion. Trends in computer software In an interview with John Bruggeman, Chief Marketing Manager, Wind River, a software design company based in the United Kingdom, which explains how the software has grown much faster than hardware applications. Bruggeman specialized software in Linux, which has seen faster growth than expected. For us the Linux business has grown from zero to 50 million dollars in 24 months. Not only Linux, but Amazon has created a unique opportunity to expand. Amazon Web Services has launched a new enterprise IT management software products, which include the rental of servers, instead of forcing companies to buy directly from a number of expensive servers. Technology recently published an article So far the market has taken the idea of Amazon and Amazon has shown that Web services have already won clients such as The New York Times, Red Hat and SanDisk. Other companies, like IBM and Sun are struggling to move to a new model. Sun already offers online rental system and expects to sell the equipment. We have the infrastructure, says Greg Papadopoulos, chief technology officer of Sun If you do not you can beat them, their hand. Suns final report shows that the Amazon Web Services functions have hit a new market that will continue to be successful. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms and the evolving mobile platform, grid computing, and cloud computing? Mobile platform: more and more business computing is moving from PCs and desktop machines to mobile devices like cell phones and Smartphones. Data transmissions, Web surfing, e-mail and instant messaging, digital content displays, and data exchanges with internal corporate systems are all available through a mobile digital platform. Net books, small low-cost lightweight subnotebooks that are optimized for wireless communication and Internet access, are included. Grid computing Grid computing combines computer from systems multiple administrative domains to achieve common aims to solve a simple task and can disappear very fast. A grid computing key strategies is to use middleware to divide and distribute pieces of a program between several computers, sometimes up to several thousands. Grid computing is to compute in a distributed manner, which may also involve the aggregation of cluster systems based on large computer companies. The size of a grid can vary from a small restricted to a network of computer workstations in an enterprise, as for large public works across many companies and networks. The idea of a limited network may also be known as an intra-node, while the idea of bigger, wider networks may refer to inter-nodes. The grids are in the form of distributed computing; where the super virtual computer is composed of many networked computers to perform tasks freely collaborate large. This technique has been applied to computationally intensive problems in science, math and academic volunteer computing, and is used by commercial enterprises, such as various applications such as drug development, economic forecasting, seismic analysis and back-office data processing, support for e-commerce and web services. Grid computing gives a safe way to solve Grand Challenge issues, like proteins, financial modeling, earthquake simulation, weather patterns. The grid provides a way to use IT resources optimally inside an organization. They also offer a means of providing information for their technology and commercial business customers, with customers paying only for what they use, such as water and electricity. Grid computing is used by the grid of the National Science Foundation, National Technology, NASAs Information Power Grid, Pratt Whitney, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and American Express. The European Union has been a great supporter of grid computing. A lot of studies and projects have been funded by the European Commission Framework Programme. Lots of projects are emphasis here, but 2 of them deserve special point out: Enabling Grids BEinGRID and for e-Science. Business Experiments in GRID is a project, and also have a 1/4th amount of the whole project is funded by the European Commission as an incorporated Project under the 6th Framework Programme Sponsorship Program (FP6). Introduced in June 2006 and the project lasts for 2 years, until November 2009. The research is organized by the Atos Origin. According to the project sheet is their mission to create effective ways to promote the adoption of grid computing across Europe and to stimulate research on innovative business models using Grid technologies. Extracting best practices and common themes of the experimental implementations, two groups of consultants to analyze a number of pilots, technique and business. The results of this cross analysis provided by the TI website called www.tude.com. The project is important not only for its longevity, but also for its financial plan to 24.8 million Euros, is the greatest of all integrated projects in FP6. The grids of the E-science, which is founded the European Union and also sites in USA and the most part of the Asian continent, is a follow-up project of the European DataGrid (EDG), and is probably the largest computer network on the planet. This, together with the LHC Computing Grid (LCG) was developed to support the experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LCG Project at CERN is based on the need to handle large amounts of data, where the rates are required to store several gigabytes per second. A list of active sites within LCG can be found online as well as real-time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure. The software and documentation is also accessible to the public. It is speculated that optical fiber dedicated links, such as those installed by CERN to meet the needs of large volumes of data from the LCG may one day be available for home users and Internet service reach very fast approximately a thousand times faster than the usual broadband internet connection. Until April 27, 2007, United Devices United Devices Cancer Research Project based on its Grid MP product, which cleans the PC cycle of volunteering over the Internet. Grid MP in June 2005 ran about 3000000 machines. Cloud computing Cloud computing is computing on the Internet where shared resources, software and information is provided for computers and other devices on demand, with the grid. Cloud computing is a natural change of the well known to use of virtualization, SOA and utility computing. The details are extracted from consumers who no longer required specialized knowledge or control over the technology infrastructure that supports the tag. Cloud computing describes a new addition, consumption and delivery model for IT services Internet-based and are generally over-the delivery of Internet resources dynamically evolving and often virtualized. This is a result of product and ease of access to computer sites that offer Internet distance. This is mostly takes the form of internet based applications and tools that users can access and get use through an internet website browser as if it were a program installed locally on your own computer system. NIST provides a definition a little more objective and specific here. Tag word as a metaphor for the Internet based on the design previously used tags to represent the telephone network, and then to describe the patterns of Internet computer network as an abstraction that represents the underlying infrastructure. A typical cloud computing provider to provide common business applications online that is accessible from another web service or software as a Web browser, while the software and data stored on servers Most cloud computing infrastructure consists of services offered by the centers joint and integrated servers. Clouds often appear as single point of access to the computing needs of consumers. Commercial facilities are generally required to meet Quality of Service (QoS) of clients, and generally include service level agreements (SLA). The big cloud providers include Amazon, Microsoft and Google. Some large IT companies who are actively involved in cloud computing, Fujitsu, Dell, Hewlett Packard, IBM, VMware, NetApp and Microsoft. There are several doubts and confusions in relation to the phrase called hybrid when applied to the cloud a criterion description of the word hybrid Cloud has not yet risen. Cloud term hybrid has been used to assign 2 clouds. Separate conference ( private, public external or internal ) or a blend of clouds virtualized server instances that are used in combination with the actual physical hardware. The correct definition of the term hybrid Cloud; is probably the use of physical hardware and virtualized server instances tag together to provide a unique and common. Two clouds were collected are more properly a combined cloud. A combined cloud computing environment composed of multiple combined internal or/and external suppliers would be typical for most companies By integrating cloud computing services to multiple users to facilitate the transition to the public cloud services while avoiding problems such as PCI compliance. Another perspective on the implementation of a web application in the cloud using hybrid Web hosting infrastructure is a mix between Cloud hosting and dedicated servers it is usually implemented as part of a Web cluster, where some nodes running real physical hardware and some running on the server where the clouds. How network economics, declining communication costs and technology standards affect IT infrastructure? Network economics: Economics refers to the Business Network, which will benefit from the network. This is where the value is a good or service increases as more people buy the product or service. Examples include websites like eBay, or if the iVillage community together and share ideas to help the website become a better business organization. Metcalfes Law explains the proliferation of computer use by showing that the value of network participants grows exponentially as the network becomes more members. As the number of members in a network increases linearly, the values of the overall system grows exponentially and theoretically continue to grow indefinitely with increasing membership. Declining communication costs: The communication costs are rapidly falling down daily. The costs of communication and the exponential growth in the size of the Internet is a driving force that affects the IT infrastructure. When there is a decline happened in the communication cost will reflect several advantages and disadvantages to the information technology infrastructure. The main advantage of decline of communication costs is when its get fall to a very small and approaches zero, the use of communications and computer exploits. Technology standards: According to the growth of IT industry, the standards of design and communication is getting improved and more competitive day by day. Technology standards and economies of scale release powerful lead to decreases in the prices that manufacturers focus on products manufactured by a single standard. No economies of scale, the information of any kind would be much more expensive than is the case today. Creating and maintaining a coherent IT infrastructure raises multiple challenges including: Making wise infrastructure investments, IT infrastructure is a major investment for the company. If too much is used for infrastructure will not be used to form drag its financial performance. If it is too little used, a major business services cannot be delivered and competitors of the companys better than investing in the company. Coordinating infrastructure components: attempts to create IT infrastructures, select a combination of vendors, people and technology services and fitting them together so they operate in a coherent whole. Dealing with scalability and technology change: as companies grow, they can easily find that their infrastructure. As companies shrink, they can get stuck in too much infrastructure has been purchased in better times. Scalability: the ability of the computer of a product or system expansion to serve more people without breaking down. Leadership and management: refers to who controls and manages the IT infrastructure.

Abolitionism and Inactivity in Uncle Toms Cabin Essay -- Uncle Toms

The debate raging in the years 1836-1837 over women's proper duties and roles in regards to abolitionism was publicly shaped primarily by two opposing forces: on the one hand, sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke, abolitionists and champions of women's rights; and on the other, Catharine Beecher, who opposed suffrage and women's involvement in abolitionism and argued in favor of woman's place in the home. After the printing of Angelina Grimkà ©'s pamphlet Appeal to the Christian Women of the Southern States (1836), Grimkà © and Catharine Beecher engaged in a written debate over woman's public role in regards to the slavery issue. Beecher responded to Grimkà ©'s assertions that Southern women should actively protest the system of slavery in her Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism (1837), in which she claimed that women, true to their naturally subordinate natures, were not fit to interfere in such matters. In light of these facts, it is surprising to note that Harriet Beecher Stowe was Catherine Beecher's sister. How could the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin be related to the same woman who wrote Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism-- an anti-abolitionist document which pleaded with women to keep their thoughts on slavery to themselves? In Uncle Tom's Cabin, Stowe not only frames both sides of the debate, but also actively incorporates it into her female characters and into her narrative voice, fictitiously dramatizing the issues with which Grimkà © and Beecher were concerned fifteen years earlier. Uncle Tom's Cabin, if racist by modern standards, is at least clearly anti-slavery: Stowe's intent in writing the novel, as she states in her Preface, is "to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us" (Stowe xviii). In her... ...atest need of positive and active role models. In only portraying Northern women who were ultimately able to act (and with Stowe's praise), she ends up perpetuating beliefs that Southern women were naturally unsuited to engage in the abolitionist cause. Works Cited Beecher, Catharine. "Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism." The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women's Rights and Woman's Sphere. ed. Jeanne Boydston et. al. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1988. 125-129 Cain, William E., ed. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's P, 1996. Grimke, Angelina. "Appeal to the Christian Women of the South." The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimkà ©: Selected Writings 1835- 1839. ed. Larry Ceplair. NY: Columbia U P, 1989. 36-89. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. NY: Bantam Books, 1981.

Following in the Ways of Zen Buddhism Essay -- Essays Papers

Following in the Ways of Zen Buddhism I fell in love with the first Buddhist I ever met. That is to say I fell in love with a man who is a Buddhist. I, however, am not a Buddhist. I have faith in what I find to be right rather than committing to a religion that I would not wholeheartedly believe in. It would seem that a difference in our spiritual practices may be a strain on our relationship, but in truth our faith lies in similar areas. The biggest difference between us is that I lack the knowledge and self discipline to be a practicing Buddhist. In loving Matthew I also want to gain understanding in what it is he believes. I have read through several texts in passing and find Buddhism more appealing as I continue to research it. In seeking to know more of Buddhism, I am promoting Buddhism as a beneficial practice. There are so many different kinds of Buddhism that it would be rather hard to write a definitive work on all of them. The type of Buddhism that Matt chooses to follow the most closely is Zen Buddhism, though there are also Tantric practices he engages in. Information from an affiliate of the University of Virginia named Jennifer Gruia states that Zen Buddhism is founded upon the enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama . Achieving enlightenment at the age of thirty-five, he gained the status of Buddha (â€Å"One who is awake†) and came to the realization that everything is subject to change and that suffering and discontentment are the result of the attachment to circumstances and things which, by their nature, are not permanent. That is how Zen Buddhism found its beginning, but some say that Bodhidharma is its founder since he spread the teachings across India and China . ( Gruia ) ... ...oduce great deeds, great art and culture, and greater still, great men.†(Humphreys 98) I believe my fiancà © Matthew to be one of those great men, and I attribute at least part of that to his faith and following in the ways of Zen Buddhism. Works Cited â€Å"Essentials of Buddhism: Core Concepts.† Buddhaweb . 10 October 2004. Gruia , Jennifer. New Religious Movements: Zen Buddhism. U of Virginia . 10 October 2004. Humphreys, Christmas. Zen Buddhism . London : Novello & Co. Ltd., 1957. Kabik , Matthew. Personal interview. 17 October 2004 . â€Å"Meditation for Health: Home.† Meditation for Health. 17 October 2004 Suzuki, Daisetz T. The Essential of Zen Buddhism. New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. 1962.

Levels of the Managerial Communication Process Essay

Becoming a first time manager is an excellent goal and a great marker in a successful career. However it can also be a daunting task without a few tips to ease you into you new responsibilities. With careful observation, planning and a few pieces of advice, a good manager can become great manager. An important trait many great leaders have is being able to successfully communicate any message to a wide variety of people. They also have the ability to transcend work groups, culture, situations and subject.. Being able to relate to different direct reports is key to opening a two way channel of communication with a group. One of the first layers in successful communication is establishing an environment and culture that encourages it. Allowing open communication amongst each other fosters a cohesive and united environment. A good way a manager can reinforce that notion, would be to serve as the example. Walk around and meet with everyone in the group. This allows the manager to be accessible to everyone and in turn the manager can get to know the members of his or her group. Another suggestion would be to establish an open door policy. This will allow the flexibility to hold short meetings informally and encourage the flow of communication with each other. A good way to get to know the group better would be to setup a meeting with each individual. This allows a manager to get a back story on each group member, establish preferences in communication and find out if any cultural differences exist. This can also establish trust between a manager and an employee. Scheduling this meeting either bi-weekly or monthly allows the channel of communication between manager and subordinate to remain open. If at all possible, an important element in establishing an open environment is to physically setup the office in a way that allows for easy communication with each other. Having conference rooms available allows for group meetings and also provides private areas if discussions are of a confidential nature. If allowed, take into consideration the furniture used in the group’s space. Tailor the furniture and office designs to your group’s needs. If possible, equip rooms with teleconference equipment which allows for a virtual face-to-face with others in remote office either across the street or across the country. A second layer of successful communication is the interaction of sender to receiver. When speaking to groups or individuals, a manager should always maintain a steady emotion. Employees can easily misinterpret the mood or  content of the message if a manager is either too happy or too sad. A good sense of humor can bring comfort or levity to a group or situation, however caution should be used. A joke or comment can be misinterpreted easily depending on the audience. A good rule of thumb would be to err on the side of caution until the manager gets to know the group thoroughly. Allowing for questions during or at the end of your message encourages two way communication. This allows the audience the freedom to ask for clarification if something isn’t understood and also provides a venue for discussion. Possible issues can be resolved when more than one point of view are presented. A manager should also make themselves available after a meeting in case any questions comes up that did not want to be asked in a group setting or is of a confidential nature. The third layer of successful communication involves four elements that affect each other. Content (what is said), Channel (How it’s said), Environment (Where it’s said) and Time (When it’s said). It is important to tailor the content of your message to your audience. The following are short questions that a manager can ask themselves about each element: Content What is the message about? Who is the audience? What is the tone of the message? Do you thoroughly know the subject matter? What level of detail should the message include? Channel What channels are available? (ex. voicemail, email, public or private meeting)? Will the contents of the message be fully understood using the channel chosen? Will the channel help or hurt if the message has a deadline? Is the channel chosen appropriate for the urgency level of the message? Is the channel chosen appropriate for the tone of the message? Environment What locations or venues are available? Is the venue/location chosen appropriate for the message given? (ex. Technically capable) What setting is fitting for your message (ex. Formal or informal)? Who is the audience? How large is the audience? What is the confidentiality of the message? Time How urgent is the message? When is the best time to deliver this message? Does the message follow a timeline or deadline? How long should the message take? Along with these factors to follow, there are some errors to avoid. Focus your message strictly on facts to stay true to the message at hand and avoid â€Å"spinning† a message with opinions. Opinions are fine to state when and if asked by the audience, however a message spun on opinion will be evident quickly and can easily lose or disrupt an audience. Do not present the message in a manner that is not subject to change. Messages, like situations, can change at any given moment and may require some clarification. Always prepare with a contingency plan to follow-up with changes if needed. Having prior knowledge of the subject matter will minimize any confusion when presenting the message and will better equip the manager in the event of any questions asked. The intent of the message can be greatly lost if the presenter looks uncomfortable or lost during the presentation. If at all possible, have someone with knowledge of the subject matter review any notes that will be used, or have them available for any follow-up questions afterwards. When it comes to communicating effectively, there is no â€Å"one size, fits all† approach to any message. Each communication instance requires a thorough analysis of all the factors provided and presented accordingly to the audience. Mastering these tips will help on the road to managerial success. Works Cited Hynes, Geraldine. Managerial Communication. New York: McGraw Hill, 2011. Myatt, Mike. â€Å"10 Communication Secrets of Great Leaders.† Forbes (2012): 12/6/2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemyatt/2012/04/04/10-communication-secrets-of-great-leaders/.